{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T03:48:03Z","timestamp":1761709683414,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]],"date-time":"2019-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017M1A7A1A01016260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017M1A7A1A01016260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For stable and effective control of the sensor system, analog sensor signals such as temperature, pressure, and electromagnetic fields should be accurately measured and converted to digital bits. However, radiation environments, such as space, flight, nuclear power plants, and nuclear fusion reactors, as well as high-reliability applications, such as automotive semiconductor systems, suffer from radiation effects that degrade the performance of the sensor readout system including analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and cause system malfunctions. This paper investigates an optimal ADC structure in radiation environments and proposes a successive- approximation-register (SAR) ADC using delay-based double feedback flip-flops to enhance the system tolerance against radiation effects, including total ionizing dose (TID) and single event effects (SEE). The proposed flip-flop was fabricated using 130 nm complementary metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor (CMOS) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process, and its radiation tolerance was measured in actual radiation test facilities. Also, the proposed radiation-hardened SAR ADC with delay-based dual feedback flip-flops was designed and verified by utilizing compact transistor models, which reflect radiation effects to CMOS parameters, and radiation simulator computer aided design (CAD) tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]],"date-time":"2019-12-27T11:42:47Z","timestamp":1577446967000},"page":"171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Radiation-Hardened SAR ADC with Delay-Based Dual Feedback Flip-Flops for Sensor Readout Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Duckhoon","family":"Ro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changhong","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4132-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myounggon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ik Joon","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1191-3553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung-Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fusengdes.2014.03.066","article-title":"Design of a MGy radiation tolerant resolver-to-digital convertor IC for remotely operated maintenance in harsh environments","volume":"89","author":"Leroux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fusion Eng. 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