{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T09:26:52Z","timestamp":1776850012252,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,28]],"date-time":"2019-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work reviews design aspects of liquid metal antennas and their corresponding applications. In the age of modern wireless communication technologies, adaptability and versatility have become highly attractive features of any communication device. Compared to traditional conductors like copper, the flow property and lack of elasticity limit of conductive fluids, makes them an ideal alternative for applications demanding mechanically flexible antennas. These fluidic properties also allow innovative antenna fabrication techniques like 3D printing, injecting, or spraying the conductive fluid on rigid\/flexible substrates. Such fluids can also be easily manipulated to implement reconfigurability in liquid antennas using methods like micro pumping or electrochemically controlled capillary action as compared to traditional approaches like high-frequency switching. In this work, we discuss attributes of widely used conductive fluids, their novel patterning\/fabrication techniques, and their corresponding state-of-the-art applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T05:49:41Z","timestamp":1577684981000},"page":"177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Liquid Metal Antennas: Materials, Fabrication and Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2958-7023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kashif Nisar","family":"Paracha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4704-2553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arslan Dawood","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2548-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali S.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1913-5445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suleiman Aliyu","family":"Babale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Bayero University Kano, Kano 700241, Nigeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6394-5330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping Jack","family":"Soh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Communication Engineering (ACE) Centre of Excellence, School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 02600, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Aldrich Materials ScienceSigma-Aldrich Co. 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