{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:23:36Z","timestamp":1776054216300,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,29]],"date-time":"2019-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61773077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61773077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61973047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61973047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most existing signal timing plans are optimized given vehicles\u2019 arrival time (i.e., the time for the upcoming vehicles to arrive at the stop line) as exogenous input. In this paper, based on the connected vehicle (CV) technique, vehicles can be regarded as moving sensors, and their arrival time can be dynamically adjusted by speed guidance according to the current signal status and traffic conditions. Therefore, an integrated traffic control model is proposed in this study to optimize vehicle arrival time (or travel speed) and signal timing simultaneously. \u201cSpeed guidance model at a red light\u201d and \u201cspeed guidance model at a green light\u201d are presented to model the influences between travel speed and signal timing. Then, the methods to model the vehicle arrival time, vehicle delay, and number of stops are proposed. The total delay, which includes the control delay, queuing delay, and signal delay, is used as the objective of the proposed model. The decision variables consist of vehicle arrival time, starting time of green, and duration of green for each phase. The sliding time window is adopted to dynamically tackle the problems. Compared with the results optimized by the classical actuated signal control method and the fixed-time-based speed guidance model, the proposed model can significantly decrease travel delays as well as improve the flexibility and mobility of traffic control. The sensitivity analysis with the communication distance, the market penetration of connected vehicles, and the compliance rate of speed guidance further demonstrates the potential of the proposed model to be applied in various traffic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T05:49:41Z","timestamp":1577684981000},"page":"191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Simultaneous Optimization of Vehicle Arrival Time and Signal Timings within a Connected Vehicle Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Highway Engineering of Ministry of Education, Changsha University of Science &amp; Technology, Changsha 410114, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Changsha University of Science &amp; Technology, Changsha 410114, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronghua","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science &amp; Technology, Changsha 410114, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-090X(00)00047-4","article-title":"A real-time traffic signal control system: Architecture, algorithms, and analysis","volume":"9","author":"Mirchandani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-8564(98)00049-4","article-title":"A novel traffic signal control formulation","volume":"33","author":"Lo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2015.01.007","article-title":"A real-time adaptive signal control in a connected vehicle environment","volume":"55","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(89)90318-4","article-title":"A mathematical model for the fixed-time traffic control problem","volume":"42","author":"Serafini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2014.12.002","article-title":"Analysis of fixed-time control","volume":"73","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2794509","article-title":"Eco-approach and departure (EAD) application for actuated signals in real-world traffic","volume":"20","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s40815-016-0143-7","article-title":"Maximum Green Time Settings for Traffic-Actuated Signal Control at Isolated Intersections Using Fuzzy Logic","volume":"19","author":"Shiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"484","article-title":"Comparison of hook-turn scheme with U-turn scheme based on actuated traffic control algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. A Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1481","article-title":"An integrated approach for optimizing left-turn forbiddance decisions at multiple intersections","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. B Transp. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannion, P., Duggan, J., and Howley, E. (2016). An experimental review of reinforcement learning algorithms for adaptive traffic signal control. Autonomic Road Transport Support Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25808-9_4"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2017.08.008","article-title":"Group-based hierarchical adaptive traffic-signal control part I: Formulation","volume":"105","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, J., Hu, J., and Zhang, Y. (2018, January 26\u201330). Adaptive traffic signal control with deep recurrent Q-learning. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Changshu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2018.8500414"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2633999","article-title":"Cooperative localization of connected vehicles: Integrating GNSS with DSRC using a robust cubature Kalman filter","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9457","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2591558","article-title":"Interworking of DSRC and cellular network technologies for V2X communications: A survey","volume":"65","author":"Abboud","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2013.SUP.0513036","article-title":"Vehicular communications using DSRC: Challenges, enhancements, and evolution","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s12008-017-0391-2","article-title":"Emerging technologies and research challenges for intelligent transportation systems: 5G, HetNets, and SDN","volume":"12","author":"Camacho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4225","DOI":"10.3390\/s140304225","article-title":"RFID-based vehicle positioning and its applications in connected vehicles","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-014-1265-9","article-title":"A new car-following model with consideration of inter-vehicle communication","volume":"76","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/15472450.2017.1313704","article-title":"Development and evaluation of bus lanes with intermittent and dynamic priority in connected vehicle environment","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.01.026","article-title":"Urban traffic signal control with connected and automated vehicles: A survey","volume":"101","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Harding, J., Powell, G., Yoon, R., Fikentscher, J., Doyle, C., Sade, D., Lukuc, M., Simons, J., and Wang, J. (2014). Vehicle-to-vehicle Communications: Readiness of V2V Technology for Application, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lozano Dom\u00ednguez, J.M., and Mateo Sanguino, T.J. (2019). Review on V2X, I2X, and P2X Communications and Their Applications: A Comprehensive Analysis over Time. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122756"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118782798","article-title":"Deployment and testing of optimized autonomous and connected vehicle trajectories at a closed-course signalized intersection","volume":"2672","author":"Omidvar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goli, S.A., Far, B.H., and Fapojuwo, A.O. (2018, January 26\u201330). Vehicle Trajectory Prediction with Gaussian Process Regression in Connected Vehicle Environment. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Changshu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2018.8500614"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2401007","article-title":"Queue length estimation using connected vehicle technology for adaptive signal control","volume":"16","author":"Tiaprasert","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198113235600103","article-title":"Estimating queue length under connected vehicle technology: Using probe vehicle, loop detector, and fused data","volume":"2356","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3141\/2356-08","article-title":"Arterial queue spillback detection and signal control based on connected vehicle technology","volume":"2366","author":"Christofa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, K., Han, F., Dong, P., Xiong, N., and Du, R. (2019). Connected Vehicle as a Mobile Sensor for Real Time Queue Length at Signalized Intersections. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092059"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3141\/2381-08","article-title":"Traffic signal control with connected vehicles","volume":"2381","author":"Goodall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2011.05.007","article-title":"PAMSCOD: Platoon-based arterial multi-modal signal control with online data","volume":"20","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.01.011","article-title":"Optimal speed advisory for connected vehicles in arterial roads and the impact on mixed traffic","volume":"69","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramezani, H., and Benekohal, R. (2015, January 15\u201318). Optimized speed harmonization with connected vehicles for work zones. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2015.179"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12360","article-title":"Dynamic speed harmonization in connected urban street networks","volume":"33","author":"Tajalli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2507\/IJSIMM14(1)CO3","article-title":"Modelling and simulation of vehicle speed guidance in connected vehicle environment","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Simul. Model."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2017.01.025","article-title":"A speed guidance model accounting for the driver\u2019s bounded rationality at a signalized intersection","volume":"473","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2018.01.005","article-title":"A speed guidance strategy for multiple signalized intersections based on car-following model","volume":"496","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198106197800121","article-title":"Decision model for priority control of traffic signals","volume":"1978","author":"Head","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Transp. Res. Rec."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/191\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:46:31Z","timestamp":1760190391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,29]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s20010191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20010191","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,29]]}}}