{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T21:55:08Z","timestamp":1788990908361,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003699","name":"Korea Railroad Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PK1902A2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PK1902A2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007694","name":"Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19CTAP-C153033-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19CTAP-C153033-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main objectives of this study are to develop a non-destructive test method for evaluating delamination defects in concrete by the Impact-echo test using multi-channel elastic wave data and to verify the validity of the proposed method by experimental studies in the laboratory. First, prototype equipment using an eight-channel linear sensor array was developed to perform elastic wave measurements on the surface of the concrete. In this study, three concrete slab specimens (1500 mm (width) by 1500 mm (length) by 300 mm (thickness)), with simulated delamination defects of various lateral dimensions and depth, were designed and constructed in the laboratory. Multi-channel elastic wave signals measured on the three concrete specimens were converted to the frequency-phase velocity image by using the phase-shift method. A data processing method was proposed to extract the dominant propagating waves and non-propagating waves from the dispersion images. The dominant wave modes were used to evaluate delamination defects in concrete. It was demonstrated that the surface wave velocity values were useful for characterizing the shallow delamination defects in concrete. In addition, the peak frequency of non-propagating wave modes extracted from the dispersion images gives information on the lateral dimensions and depths of the delamination defects. This study also discussed the feasibility of combined use of the results from propagating and non-propagating wave modes to better understand the information on delamination defects in concrete. As will be discussed, the multi-channel elastic wave measurements enable more accurate, consistent, and rapid measurements and data processing for evaluation of delamination defects in concrete than the single-channel sensing method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T03:28:53Z","timestamp":1578022133000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluation of Delamination in Concrete by IE Testing Using Multi-Channel Elastic Wave Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Seong-Hoon","family":"Kee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550 Beon-gil Saha-gu, Busan 69315, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Wook","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Railroad Civil Engineering Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute, 176 Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do 16105, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2702-3432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma. Doreen","family":"Candelaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550 Beon-gil Saha-gu, Busan 69315, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mehta, P.K., and Monteiro, P.J.M. (1993). Concrete-Microstructure, Properties, and Materials, McGraw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gucunski, N. (2013). Nondestructive Testig to Identify Concrete Bridge Deck Deterioration, Transportation Research Board.","DOI":"10.17226\/22771"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) (2019, August 08). ASCE 2017 Report Card for America\u2019s Infrastructure. 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