{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T14:12:43Z","timestamp":1774620763437,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are many factors affecting oil extraction rate (OER) but a large contributor to high national OER is by processing good-quality fresh fruit bunches (FFB) at the mills. The current practice for grading oil palm fruit bunches in mills is using human graders for visual inspection, which can lead to repeated mistakes, inconsistent evaluation results, and many other related losses. This study aims to develop a fruit maturity sensor that can detect oil palm fruit maturity grade and send indication to the user whether to accept or reject the bunches. This study focuses on fruit battery principle and applying the charging concept to the fruit battery in order to generate significant load voltage readings of oil palm fruit battery. The charging process resulted in amplified load voltage readings, which were 4 times more sensitive to changes as compared to normal fruit battery without charging process. From the load voltage readings, the fruits can be characterized into their maturity grade based on moisture content. It was determined that fruits with moisture content less than 44% and average load voltage, Vavg, between 20 to 30 mV are considered ripe fruits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T03:28:53Z","timestamp":1578022133000},"page":"226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Fruit Battery with Charging Concept for Oil Palm Maturity Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Norhisam","family":"Misron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institute of Advance Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nisa Syakirah","family":"Kamal Azhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9189-4465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Nizar","family":"Hamidon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institute of Advance Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0864-8656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishak","family":"Aris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunihisa","family":"Tashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Education &amp; Collaboration, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.21894\/jopr.2018.0014","article-title":"Malaysia: 100 Years of resilient palm oil economic performance","volume":"30","author":"Nambiappan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"101","article-title":"Monitoring development and ripeness of oil palm fruit (Elaeis guineensis) by MRI and bulk NMR","volume":"12","author":"Sharifudin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Biolog."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minakata, K., Tashiro, K., Wakiwaka, H., Kobayashi, K., Misron, N., Aliteh, N.A., and Nagata, H. (2018, January 3\u20136). Proposal of Fruit Battery Method for Estimating Oil Palm Ripeness. Proceedings of the 2018 12th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST), Limerick, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSensT.2018.8603621"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"MPOB, Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities (2015). Grading Procedures. Oil Palm Fruit Grading Manual, MPOB. [3rd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/226\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:47:03Z","timestamp":1760190423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s20010226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20010226","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]}}}