{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:54:14Z","timestamp":1760241254010,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy\u017cszego, Poland","award":["RID 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RID 2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes airfield measurement of forces and moments that act on a landing gear wheel. For the measurement, a wheel force sensor was used. The sensor was designed and built based on strain gage technology and was embedded in the left landing gear wheel of a test aircraft. The sensor is capable of measuring simultaneously three perpendicular forces and three moments and sends data to a handheld device wirelessly. For the airfield tests, the sensor was installed on a PZL 104 Wilga 35A multipurpose aircraft. The aircraft was towed at a \u201cmarching man\u201d speed and the measurements were performed at three driving modes: Free rolling, braking, and turning. The paper contains results obtained in the field measurements performed on a grassy runway of the Rzesz\u00f3w Jasionka Aerodrome, Poland. Rolling resistance of aircraft tire, braking friction, as well as aligning moment were analyzed and discussed with respect to surface conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T07:40:55Z","timestamp":1577778055000},"page":"227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Determining Wheel Forces and Moments on Aircraft Landing Gear with a Dynamometer Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5474-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslaw","family":"Pytka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9630-3003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Budzy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"\u0141yszczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8845-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"J\u00f3zwik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2353-6305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Micha\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State School of Higher Education, The Institute of Technical Sciences and Aviation, 22-100 Che\u0142m, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2392-6597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Tofil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State School of Higher Education, The Institute of Technical Sciences and Aviation, 22-100 Che\u0142m, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2532-5704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"B\u0142a\u017cejczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction and Usage of Technical Devices, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4951-8674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Laskowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pytka, J., \u0141yszczyk, T., and Gnapowski, E. 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