{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:45:29Z","timestamp":1760402729426,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Internal Funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Internal Funding"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The total number of total hip arthroplasties is increasing every year, and approximately 10% of these surgeries are revisions. New implant design and surgical techniques are evolving quickly and demand accurate preclinical evaluation. The initial stability of cementless implants is one of the main concerns of these preclinical evaluations. A broad range of initial stability test methods is currently used, which can be categorized into two main groups: Load-to-failure tests and relative micromotion measurements. Measuring relative micromotion between implant and bone is recognized as the golden standard for implant stability testing as this micromotion is directly linked to the long-term fixation of cementless implants. However, specific custom-made set-ups are required to measure this micromotion, with the result that numerous studies opt to perform more straightforward load-to-failure tests. A custom-made micromotion test set-up for artificial acetabular bone models was developed and used to compare load-to-failure (implant push-out test) with micromotion and to assess the influence of bone material properties and press-fit on the implant stability. The results showed a high degree of correlation between micromotion and load-to-failure stability metrics, which indicates that load-to-failure stability tests can be an appropriate estimator of the primary stability of acetabular implants. Nevertheless, micromotions still apply as the golden standard and are preferred when high accuracy is necessary. Higher bone density resulted in an increase in implant stability. An increase of press-fit from 0.7 mm to 1.2 mm did not significantly increase implant stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T04:43:03Z","timestamp":1578026583000},"page":"254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Two Different Methods to Measure the Stability of Acetabular Implants: A Comparison Using Artificial Acetabular Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Quentin","family":"Goossens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Group T, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonard Cezar","family":"Pastrav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Group T, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michiel","family":"Mulier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Desmet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, PMA Division, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos","family":"Vander Sloten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6492-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen","family":"Denis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Group T, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"(2019, December 31). Orthopride, Belgian Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Registry: Annual Report 2015\u20132016. Available online: https:\/\/www.ehealth.fgov.be\/file\/view\/7a77de8d3e1a4ae8dbd375898a323670?filename=orthopride_annual_report_2016_final.pdf.","key":"ref_1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119JEIM129","article-title":"A review of pre-clinical testing of femoral stem subsidence and comparison with clinical data","volume":"221","author":"Gheduzzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199705000-00010","article-title":"In vivo skeletal responses to porous-surfaced implants subjected to small induced motions","volume":"79","author":"Jasty","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198607000-00023","article-title":"Observations on the effect of movement on bone ingrowth into porous-surfaced implants","volume":"208","author":"Pilliar","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.07.006","article-title":"Development of an acoustic measurement protocol to monitor acetabular implant fixation in cementless total hip Arthroplasty: A preliminary study","volume":"49","author":"Goossens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2016.04.014","article-title":"The effect of dynamic hip motion on the micromotion of press-fit acetabular cups in six degrees of freedom","volume":"38","author":"Crosnier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411914557714","article-title":"A novel method to assess primary stability of press-fit acetabular cups","volume":"228","author":"Crosnier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.77B3.7744942","article-title":"Micromotion of cementless hemispherical acetabular components","volume":"77","author":"Won","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-5403(94)90065-5","article-title":"A quantitative in vitro assessment of fit and screw fixation on the stability of a cementless hemispherical acetabular component","volume":"9","author":"Kwong","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-5403(06)80179-8","article-title":"Mechanical stability of porous-coated acetabular components in total hip arthroplasty","volume":"6","author":"Stiehl","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-5403(06)80076-8","article-title":"Acetabular micromotion as a measure of initial implant stability in primary hip arthroplasty","volume":"7","author":"Perona","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1515\/bmte.2001.46.4.109","article-title":"Initial stability of modular acetabular components. comparative in-vitro study with polyethylene and ceramic liners","volume":"46","author":"Pitto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomed. Tech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.09.023","article-title":"Comparison of the primary stability of a porous coated acetabular revision cup with a standard cup","volume":"33","author":"Beckmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411991534780","article-title":"Press-fit acetabular cup fixation: Principles and testing","volume":"213","author":"Macdonald","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2013.11.007","article-title":"Polyaxial locking and compression screws improve construct stiffness of acetabular cup fixation: A biomechanical study","volume":"29","author":"Milne","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2009.06.025","article-title":"Does ischial screw fixation improve mechanical stability in revision total hip arthroplasty?","volume":"25","author":"Meneghini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-5403(92)90052-R","article-title":"Stability of press-fit acetabular cups","volume":"7","author":"Adler","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2009.03.003","article-title":"Mechanical stability of novel highly porous metal acetabular components in revision total hip arthroplasty","volume":"25","author":"Meneghini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-014-1571-4","article-title":"Initial stability of cementless acetabular cups: Press-fit and screw fixation interaction\u2014An in vitro biomechanical study","volume":"25","author":"Tabata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2013.07.007","article-title":"Do the cup surface properties influence the initial stability?","volume":"29","author":"Goriainov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2012.07.035","article-title":"High initial stability in porous titanium acetabular cups: A biomechanical study","volume":"28","author":"Small","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1594.2001.025008664.x","article-title":"Initial stability of a cementless acetabular cup design: Experimental investigation on the effect of adding fins to the rim of the cup","volume":"25","author":"Baleani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.74B3.1587880","article-title":"The initial stability of uncemented acetabular components","volume":"74","author":"Curtis","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2013.10.009","article-title":"Initial stability of press-fit acetabular components under rotational forces","volume":"29","author":"Fehring","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2015.10.012","article-title":"Does increased coefficient of friction of highly porous metal increase initial stability at the acetabular interface?","volume":"31","author":"Goldman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, P.S., Shepherd, D.E., and Hukins, D.W. (2008). Compressive properties of commercially available polyurethane foams as mechanical models for osteoporotic human cancellous bone. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 9.","key":"ref_26","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-9-137"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2017.10.016","article-title":"Influence of cement compressive strength and porosity on augmentation performance in a model of orthopedic screw pull-out","volume":"77","author":"Robo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199401000-00018","article-title":"Areas of contact and extent of gaps with implantation of oversized acetabular components in total hip arthroplasty","volume":"298","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00040-9","article-title":"Hip contact forces and gait patterns from routine activities","volume":"34","author":"Bergmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.212.2000193","article-title":"Primary stability of two uncemented acetabular components of different geometry: Hemispherical or peripherally enhanced?","volume":"2","author":"Antoniades","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Jt. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2018.01.015","article-title":"A novel approach to determine primary stability of acetabular press-fit cups","volume":"80","author":"Boss","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"519","article-title":"Initial Stability of Press-Fit Acetabular Components: An In Vitro Biomechanical Study","volume":"37","author":"Saleh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90014-6","article-title":"Mechanical and textural properties of pelvic trabecular bone","volume":"26","author":"Dalstra","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.09.006","article-title":"Factors influencing initial cup stability in total hip arthroplasty","volume":"29","author":"Amirouche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2006.11.005","article-title":"The number of screws, bone quality, and friction coefficient affect acetabular cup stability","volume":"29","author":"Hsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"unstructured":"Gheduzzi, S., Clements, J.P., Webb, J.C.J., Schmotzer, H., Learmonth, I.D., and Miles, A.W. (2005, January 20\u201323). In-vitro post-operative stem stability using composite and cadaveric models. Proceedings of the 51st annual meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, Washington, DC, USA.","key":"ref_36"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/254\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:03:29Z","timestamp":1760364209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s20010254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20010254","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]}}}