{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:22:50Z","timestamp":1778692970480,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TIN2017-86885-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TIN2017-86885-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RYC-2017-23823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC-2017-23823"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007406","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n BBVA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007406","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7798520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7798520"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["857188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["857188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dawn of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm has brought about a series of novel services never imagined until recently. However, certain deployments such as those employing Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN)-based technologies may present severe network restrictions in terms of throughput and supported packet length. This situation prompts the isolation of LPWAN systems on islands with limited interoperability with the Internet. For that reason, the IETF\u2019s LPWAN working group has proposed a Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) scheme that permits compression and fragmentation of and IPv6\/UDP\/CoAP packets with the aim of making them suitable for transmission over the restricted links of LPWANs. Given the impact that such a solution can have in many IoT scenarios, this paper addresses its real evaluation in terms not only of latency and delivery ratio improvements, as a consequence of different compression and fragmentation levels, but also of the overhead in end node resources and useful payload sent per fragment. This has been carried out with the implementation of middleware and using a real testbed implementation of a LoRaWAN-to-IPv6 architecture together with a publish\/subscribe broker for CoAP. The attained results show the advantages of SCHC, and sustain discussion regarding the impact of different SCHC and LoRaWAN configurations on the performance. It is highlighted that necessary end node resources are low as compared to the benefit of delivering long IPv6 packets over the LPWAN links. In turn, fragmentation can impose a lack of efficiency in terms of data and energy and, hence, a cross-layer solution is needed in order to obtain the best throughput of the network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T11:55:07Z","timestamp":1578052507000},"page":"280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Impact of SCHC Compression and Fragmentation in LPWAN: A Case Study with LoRaWAN"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2673-3790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesus","family":"Sanchez-Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9429-8634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Gallego-Madrid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0069-3017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Sanchez-Iborra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9224-7112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Santa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Computer Technology, and Projects, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 30202 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5525-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Skarmeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2014.09.008","article-title":"The Internet of Things vision: Key features, applications and open issues","volume":"54","author":"Borgia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Minerva, R., Biru, A., and Rotondi, D. (2015). Towards a Definition of the Internet of Things (IoT), IEEE Internet of Things. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassi, A., Bauer, M., Fiedler, M., Kramp, T., van Kranenburg, R., Lange, S., and Meissner, S. (2013). Enabling Things to Talk, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40403-0"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Iborra, R., and Cano, M.D. (2016). State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial IoT Services. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050708"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardyn, J.P., Melly, T., Seller, O., and Sornin, N. (2016, January 12\u201315). IoT: The era of LPWAN is starting now. Proceedings of the ESSCIRC Conference 2016: 42nd European Solid-State Circuits Conference, Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ESSCIRC.2016.7598235"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2652320","article-title":"Low Power Wide Area Networks: An Overview","volume":"19","author":"Raza","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Iborra, R., Sanchez-Gomez, J., Ballesta-Vi\u00f1as, J., Cano, M.D., and Skarmeta, A.F. (2018). Performance Evaluation of LoRa Considering Scenario Conditions. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030772"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Gomez, J., Sanchez-Iborra, R., and Skarmeta, A. (2017, January 4\u20138). Transmission Technologies Comparison for IoT Communications in Smart-Cities. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2017\u20142017 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8254530"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Minaburo, A., Toutain, L., Gomez, C., and Barthel, D. (2018). LPWAN Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) and Fragmentation for IPv6 and UDP, Internet Engineering Task Force. Internet-Draft draft-ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc-16."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and Bormann, C. (2014). The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Internet Engineering Task Force. RFC 7252.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc7252"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Koster, M., Keranen, A., and Jimenez, J. (2019). Publish-Subscribe Broker for the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Internet Engineering Task Force. Work in Progress."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Minaburo, A., Toutain, L., and Andreasen, R. (2018). LPWAN Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) for CoAP, Internet Engineering Task Force. Work in Progress."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Montenegro, G., Schumacher, C., and Kushalnagar, N. (2007). IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs): Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals, Internet Engineering Task Force. RFC 4919."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montenegro, G., Hui, J., Culler, D., and Kushalnagar, N. (2007). Transmission of IPv6 Packets Over IEEE 802.15.4 Networks, Internet Engineering Task Force. RFC 4944.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc4944"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thubert, P., and Hui, J. (2011). Compression Format for IPv6 Datagrams Over IEEE 802.15.4-Based Networks, Internet Engineering Task Force. RFC 6282.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc6282"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jonsson, L.E., Sandlund, K., and Pelletier, G. (2010). The RObust Header Compression (ROHC) Framework, Internet Engineering Task Force. RFC 5795.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc5795"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.3390\/s110100992","article-title":"Forwarding Techniques for IP Fragmented Packets in a Real 6LoWPAN Network","volume":"11","author":"Ludovici","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15610","DOI":"10.3390\/s140815610","article-title":"Analytical Model of Large Data Transactions in CoAP Networks","volume":"14","author":"Ludovici","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bormann, C., and Shelby, Z. (2016). Block-Wise Transfers in the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Internet Engineering Task Force. RFC 7959.","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC7959"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesrinejad, F., Hashim, F., Noordin, N.K., Rasid, M.F.A., and Abdullah, R.S.A.R. (2011, January 2\u20135). The effect of fragmentation and header compression on IP-based sensor networks (6LoWPAN). Proceedings of the The 17th Asia Pacific Conference on Communications, Sabah, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/APCC.2011.6152926"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, P., Jackle, D., Rahusen, D., and Sikora, A. (2016, January 26\u201327). IPv6 over LoRaWAN\u2122. Proceedings of the 2016 3rd International Symposium on Wireless Systems within the Conferences on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems (IDAACS-SWS), Offenburg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IDAACS-SWS.2016.7805790"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thielemans, S., Bezunartea, M., and Steenhaut, K. (2017, January 26\u201328). Establishing transparent IPv6 communication on LoRa based low power wide area networks (LPWANS). Proceedings of the 2017 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS), Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WTS.2017.7943535"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelfadeel, K.Q., Cionca, V., and Pesch, D. (2017). LSCHC: Layered Static Context Header Compression for LPWANs. Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Challenged Networks, ACM. CHANTS \u201917.","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS.2018.00013"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelfadeel, K.Q., Cionca, V., and Pesch, D. (2018, January 18\u201320). Dynamic Context for Static Context Header compression in LPWANs. Proceedings of the 2018 14th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS.2018.00013"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Iborra, R., Sanchez-Gomez, J., Santa, J., Fernandez, P.J., and Skarmeta, A.F. (2018, January 5\u20138). IPv6 communications over LoRa for future IoV services. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 4th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2018.8355231"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Sanchez-Iborra, R., Sanchez-Gomez, J., Santa, J., Fernandez, P., and Skarmeta, A. (2017, January 19\u201322). Integrating LP-WAN Communications within the Vehicular Ecosystem. Proceedings of the The 2017 International Symposium on Mobile Internet Security (Mobisec2017), Jeju, Korea."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suciu, I., Vilajosana, X., and Adelantado, F. (2018, January 15\u201318). An analysis of packet fragmentation impact in LPWAN. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, WCNC 2018, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2018.8377440"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Technical Marketing Workgroup 1.0 (2015). A Technical Overview of LoRa and LoRaWAN, LoRa Alliance Inc.. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Sornin, N., Luis, M., Eirich, T., Kramp, T., and Hersent, O. (2016). LoRaWAN 1.0.2 Specification, LoRa Alliance Inc.. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Semtech (2013). SX1272\/3\/6\/7\/8: LoRa Modem; Designer\u2019s Guide; AN1200.13, Semtech Corporation. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metzner, J.J. (2003). ALOHA Protocols. Am. Cancer Soc.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471219282.eot275"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2018, January 01). SCHC Implementation for Python and Javascript. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/ltn22\/SCHC."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"LoRa Alliance Technical Committee (2017). LoRaWAN 1.0.2 Regional Parameters, LoRa Alliance Inc.. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Iborra, R., Sanchez-Gomez, J., Perez, S., Fernandez, P.J., Santa, J., Hernandez-Ramos, J.L., and Skarmeta, A.F. (2018). Enhancing LoRaWAN Security through a Lightweight and Authenticated Key Management Approach. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061833"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/280\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:42:15Z","timestamp":1760362935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s20010280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20010280","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]]}}}