{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T15:48:58Z","timestamp":1762876138317,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Internet of Things (IoT) facilitates a wide range of applications through sensor-based connected devices that require bandwidth and other network resources. Enhancement of efficient utilization of a heterogeneous IoT network is an open optimization problem that is mostly suffered by network flooding. Redundant, unwanted, and flooded queries are major causes of inefficient utilization of resources. Several query control mechanisms in the literature claimed to cater to the issues related to bandwidth, cost, and Quality of Service (QoS). This research article presented a statistical performance evaluation of different query control mechanisms that addressed minimization of energy consumption, energy cost and network flooding. Specifically, it evaluated the performance measure of Query Control Mechanism (QCM) for QoS-enabled layered-based clustering for reactive flooding in the Internet of Things. By statistical means, this study inferred the significant achievement of the QCM algorithm that outperformed the prevailing algorithms, i.e., Divide-and-Conquer (DnC), Service Level Agreements (SLA), and Hybrid Energy-aware Clustering Protocol for IoT (Hy-IoT) for identification and elimination of redundant flooding queries. The inferential analysis for performance evaluation of algorithms was measured in terms of three scenarios, i.e., energy consumption, delays and throughput with different intervals of traffic, malicious mote and malicious mote with realistic condition. It is evident from the results that the QCM algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms and the statistical probability value \u201cP\u201d &lt; 0.05 indicates the performance of QCM is significant at the 95% confidence interval. Hence, it could be inferred from findings that the performance of the QCM algorithm was substantial as compared to that of other algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T11:55:07Z","timestamp":1578052507000},"page":"283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Performance Evaluation and Validation of QCM (Query Control Mechanism) for QoS-Enabled Layered-Based Clustering for Reactive Flooding in the Internet of Things"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Fawad Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer System &amp; Technology, Faculty of Computer Science &amp; Information Technology, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafidah Md","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer System &amp; Technology, Faculty of Computer Science &amp; Information Technology, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Mobile Cloud Computing Research (C4MCCR), Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miss Laiha Mat","family":"Kiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer System &amp; Technology, Faculty of Computer Science &amp; Information Technology, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4324-8965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Ahmedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer System &amp; Technology, Faculty of Computer Science &amp; Information Technology, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd","family":"Yamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer System &amp; Technology, Faculty of Computer Science &amp; Information Technology, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tey Kok","family":"Soon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer System &amp; Technology, Faculty of Computer Science &amp; Information Technology, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muneer","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information System, Faculty of Computer Science &amp; Information Technology, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdalzaher, M.S., Seddik, K., Elsabrouty, M., Muta, O., Furukawa, H., and Abdel-Rahman, A. (2016). Game theory meets wireless sensor networks security requirements and threats mitigation: A survey. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071003"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576038","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1576038","article-title":"Improving Energy Efficiency in QoS-Constrained Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"12","author":"Abdelaal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Distributed Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2019, November 08). End-to-End QoS Specification and Monitoring in the Internet of Things. Available online: https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/6156\/3ae040aef11fd7dded6d39d92516c0368423.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"361","article-title":"A stable clustering scheme based on adaptive multiple metric in vehicular Ad-hoc Networks","volume":"31","author":"Arkian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2654356","article-title":"Quality of service of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks: A review","volume":"5","author":"Asif","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attwood, A., Abuelmatti, O., and Fergus, P. (2013, January 16\u201318). M2M rendezvous redundancy for the internet of things. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Developments in ESystems Engineering, Abu Dhabi, UAE.","DOI":"10.1109\/DeSE.2013.17"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awan, I., Younas, M., and Naveed, W. (2014, January 10\u201312). Modelling QoS in IoT applications. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems, Salerno, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/NBiS.2014.97"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Babar, S., Stango, A., Prasad, N., Sen, J., and Prasad, R. (March, January 28). Proposed embedded security framework for Internet of Things (IoT). Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace and Electronic Systems Technology, Wireless VITAE, Chennai, India."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.07.251","article-title":"Using Internet of Things technologies for a collaborative supply chain: Application to tracking of pallets and containers","volume":"56","author":"David","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Dhumane, A., Prasad, R., and Prasad, J. (2016, January 16\u201318). Routing Issues in Internet of Things: A Survey. Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists (IMECS), Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dlodlo, N., and Kalezhi, J. (2015, January 17\u201320). The internet of things in agriculture for sustainable rural development. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Networks and Computer Communications (ETNCC), Windhoek, Namibia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETNCC.2015.7184801"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2015.12.006","article-title":"An adaptive meta-heuristic search for the internet of things","volume":"76","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29899","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6684-z","article-title":"A novel countermeasure technique for reactive jamming attack in internet of things","volume":"78","author":"Fadele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.04.002","article-title":"Internet of things Security: A Survey","volume":"88","author":"Fadele","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1617","article-title":"Scalability in Internet of Things: Features, Techniques and Research Challenges","volume":"13","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Intell. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2509","article-title":"iFogSim: A toolkit for modeling and simulation of resource management techniques in the Internet of Things, Edge and Fog computing environments","volume":"47","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Softw. Pr. Exp."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.05.373","article-title":"Towards a Three-Level Framework for IoT Redundancy Control through an Explicit Spatio-Temporal Data Model","volume":"109","author":"Haddad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2642643","article-title":"Multicast Routing for Multimedia Communications in the Internet of Things","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, J., Gubbi, J., Luo, T., and Palaniswami, M. (2012, January 2\u20135). Network architecture and QoS issues in the internet of things for a smart city. Proceedings of the 2012 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT), Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCIT.2012.6381043"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.06.048","article-title":"A SDN Controller with Energy Efficient Routing in the Internet of Things (IoT)","volume":"89","author":"Kharkongor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"294","article-title":"QoS Aware Resource Scheduling in Internet of Things-Cloud Environment","volume":"6","author":"Krishnapriya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"271","article-title":"Smart Water Management Process Architecture with IoT Based Reference","volume":"6","author":"Laxmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2306782","article-title":"QoS\u2014Aware Scheduling of Services-Oriented Internet of Things","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-07-2014-0173","article-title":"The Internet of Things: A security point of view","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, O., Ahmet \u015eekercio\u01e7lu, Y., and Mani, N. (2007, January 11\u201315). A low-cost flooding algorithm for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Kowloon, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2007.641"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Node Level Energy Efficiency Protocol for Internet of Things","volume":"3","author":"Vellanki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Nef, M., Perlepes, L., Stamoulis, G.I.G., Karagiorgou, S., Stamoulis, G.I.G., and Kikiras, P. (2012, January 4). Enabling QoS in the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the CTRQ 2012: The Fifth International Conference on Communication Theory, Reliability, and Quality of Service, Mont Blanc, France."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nukala, R., Panduru, K., Shields, A., Riordan, D., Doody, P., and Walsh, J. (2016, January 21\u201322). Internet of Things: A review from \u201cFarm to Fork\u201d. Proceedings of the 2016 27th Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC 2016), Londonderry, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSC.2016.7528456"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2017.04.011","article-title":"Process querying: Enabling business intelligence through query-based process analytics","volume":"100","author":"Polyvyanyy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Decis. Support. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2526-3_65","article-title":"Detection of sinkhole attack in wireless sensor network","volume":"381","author":"Raju","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst. Comput."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"382","article-title":"Network Forensics for Detecting Flooding Attack on Internet of Things (IoT) Device","volume":"7","author":"Rizal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cyber-Secur. Digit. Forensics (IJCSDF)"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcij.2018.02.003","article-title":"Hybrid energy aware clustered protocol for IoT heterogeneous network","volume":"3","author":"Sadek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Comput. Inform. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan-E, D. (2011, January 28\u201329). Design of intelligent agriculture management information system based on IoT. Proceedings of the 2011 Fourth International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICTA.2011.262"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, F.A., Noor, R.M., Mat Kiah, M.L., Noor, N.M., Altowaijri, S.M., and Rahman, A.U. (2019). QoS-enabled Layered-based Clustering for Reactive Flooding in the Internet of Things. Symmetry, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11050634"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2017.01.004","article-title":"From DNA to protein: Why genetic code context of nucleotides for DNA signal processing? A review","volume":"34","author":"Ahmad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2017.06.021","article-title":"A biological inspired fuzzy adaptive window median filter (FAWMF) for enhancing DNA signal processing","volume":"149","author":"Ahmad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2015.12.017","article-title":"On fuzzy semantic similarity measure for DNA coding","volume":"69","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/283\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:28:43Z","timestamp":1760362123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/283"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s20010283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20010283","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]]}}}