{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T23:49:24Z","timestamp":1768261764838,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]],"date-time":"2020-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the development of low-cost GNSS sensors allowed monitoring in a continuous way movement related to natural processes like landslides with increasing accuracy and limited efforts. In this work, we present the first results of an experimental low-cost GNSS continuous monitoring applied to an unstable slope affecting the Madonna del Sasso Sanctuary (NW Italy). The courtyard of Sanctuary is built on two unstable blocks delimited by a high cliff. Previous studies and non-continuous monitoring showed that blocks suffer a seasonal cycle of thermal expansion and a long-term trend to downslope a few millimeters (2\/3) per year. The presence of a continuous monitoring solution could be an essential help to better understand the kinematics of unstable slope. Continuous monitoring could help to forecast a possible paroxysm phase that could end with a failure of the unstable area. The first year of experimental measurements shows a millimetric accuracy of low-cost GNSS, and the long-term trend is in agreement with other monitoring data. We also propose a methodological approach that considers the use of semi-automatized procedures for the identification of anomalous trends and a risk communication strategy. Pro and cons of the proposed methodology are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T03:48:48Z","timestamp":1578282528000},"page":"289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Low-Cost GNSS Solution for Continuous Monitoring of Slope Instabilities Applied to Madonna Del Sasso Sanctuary (NW Italy)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8256-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Notti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Research Council, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection (CNR-IRPI), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4240-7987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Cina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Torino\u2014DIATI, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24 10129 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ambrogio","family":"Manzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Torino\u2014DIATI, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24 10129 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Tematico Geologia e Dissesto, ARPA Piemonte-Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale, Via Pio VII, 9, 10135 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Iosif Horea","family":"Bendea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Torino\u2014DIATI, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24 10129 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Mollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSP Innovazione nelle ICT s.c.a r.l., Strada del Lionetto 6, 10146 Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0136-2436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Giordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Research Council, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection (CNR-IRPI), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canuti, P., Margottini, C., Fanti, R., and Bromhead, E.N. (2009). Cultural heritage and landslides: Research for risk prevention and conservation. Landslides\u2013Disaster Risk Reduction, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69970-5_22"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lollino, G., Giordan, D., Marunteanu, C., Christaras, B., Yoshinori, I., and Margottini, C. (2014). Engineering Geology for Society and Territory-Volume 8: Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09408-3"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canuti, P., Margottini, C., Mucho, R., Casagli, N., Delmonaco, G., Ferretti, A., Lollino, G., Puglisi, C., and Tarchi, D. (2005). Preliminary remarks on monitoring, geomorphological evolution and slope stability of Inca Citadel of Machu Picchu (C101-1). Landslides, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-28680-2_3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-12-1823-2012","article-title":"Rockfall hazard and risk assessment: An example from a high promontory at the historical site of Monemvasia, Greece","volume":"12","author":"Saroglou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-014-0548-z","article-title":"Landslide hazard, monitoring and conservation strategy for the safeguard of Vardzia Byzantine monastery complex, Georgia","volume":"12","author":"Margottini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-012-0329-5","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning for rockfall stability analysis in the cultural heritage site of Pitigliano (Italy)","volume":"10","author":"Fanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.04.008","article-title":"Synergic use of satellite and ground based remote sensing methods for monitoring the San Leo rock cliff (Northern Italy)","volume":"264","author":"Frodella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soccodato, F.M., Tortoioli, L., Martini, E., and Mazzi, M.A. (2013). The orvieto observatory. Landslide Science and Practice, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31319-6_71"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-014-0839-2","article-title":"Multi-temporal evaluation of landslide movements and impacts on buildings in San Fratello (Italy) by means of C-band and X-band PSI data","volume":"172","author":"Bianchini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(99)00122-2","article-title":"A critical review of landslide monitoring experiences","volume":"55","author":"Angeli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s12303-017-0034-4","article-title":"Landslide prediction, monitoring and early warning: A concise review of state-of-the-art","volume":"21","author":"Chae","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosci. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-018-1068-z","article-title":"Monitoring strategies for local landslide early warning systems","volume":"16","author":"Pecoraro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(99)00127-1","article-title":"Using Global Positioning System techniques in landslide monitoring","volume":"55","author":"Gili","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2015.05.020","article-title":"Monitoring landslide displacements with the Geocube wireless network of low-cost GPS","volume":"195","author":"Benoit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2014.889046","article-title":"Performance of low-cost GNSS receiver for landslides monitoring: Test and results","volume":"6","author":"Cina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordan, D., Wrzesniak, A., and Allasia, P. (2019). The Importance of a Dedicated Monitoring Solution and Communication Strategy for an Effective Management of Complex Active Landslides in Urbanized Areas. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11040946"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mileti, D.S., and Sorensen, J.H. (1990). Communication of emergency public warnings: A social science perspective and state-of-the-art assessment, Oak Ridge National Lab.","DOI":"10.2172\/6137387"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"54","article-title":"Relazione tecnica riguardante la caratterizzazione geologico-strutturale dell\u2019ammasso roccioso e le condizioni di stabilit\u00e0 della rupe","volume":"1","author":"Lancellotta","year":"1991","journal-title":"Priv. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"ARPA Piemonte (2019, December 17). Available online: http:\/\/massa.geoazur.eu\/Docs_pdf\/Action2\/Fiches%20de%20sites\/madonna%20del%20sasso.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2016.02.045","article-title":"Multiscale geophysical characterization of an unstable rock mass","volume":"675","author":"Colombero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6346","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JB014111","article-title":"Characterization of the 3-D fracture setting of an unstable rock mass: From surface and seismic investigations to numerical modeling","volume":"122","author":"Colombero","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JB014612","article-title":"Microseismicity of an unstable rock mass: From field monitoring to laboratory testing","volume":"123","author":"Colombero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordan, D., Cignetti, M., Wrzesniak, A., Allasia, P., and Bertolo, D. (2018). Operative Monographies: Development of a New Tool for the Effective Management of Landslide Risks. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8120485"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-4937(94)00043-2","article-title":"Paleozoic evolution of southern Alpine crust (northern Italy) as indicated by contrasting granitoid suites","volume":"35","author":"Boriani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2019, December 17). Geological Map of the Piemonte region, 1:250.000 scale and WebGIS Service, 1:70.000 scale. Available online: https:\/\/www.igg.cnr.it\/en\/products\/databases\/geological-map-of-the-piemonte-region-1250000-scale-and-webgis-service-170000-scale\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2017.1316218","article-title":"Geology of Piemonte region (NW Italy, Alps\u2013Apennines interference zone)","volume":"13","author":"Piana","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggy090","article-title":"Integration of ambient seismic noise monitoring, displacement and meteorological measurements to infer the temperature-controlled long-term evolution of a complex prone-to-fall cliff","volume":"213","author":"Colombero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2004.11.003","article-title":"Influence of daily surface temperature fluctuations on rock slope stability: Case study of the Rochers de Valabres slope (France)","volume":"42","author":"Gunzburger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2017.1392369","article-title":"Development of an algorithm for automatic elaboration, representation and dissemination of landslide monitoring data","volume":"8","author":"Wrzesniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Trigila, A., Iadanza, C., and Spizzichino, D. (2008, January 1). IFFI Project (Italian landslide inventory) and risk assessment. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the First World Landslide Forum, Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cina, A., Manzino, A.M., and Bendea, I.H. (2019). Improving GNSS Landslide Monitoring with the Use of Low-Cost MEMS Accelerometers. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9235075"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-012-0299-z","article-title":"The ratio test for future GNSS ambiguity resolution","volume":"17","author":"Verhagen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gps. Solut."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5547","DOI":"10.1080\/00207540701325371","article-title":"Process monitoring for mean shifts for multiple stage processes","volume":"45","author":"Jearkpaporn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/289\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:28:46Z","timestamp":1760362126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/1\/289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s20010289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20010289","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]]}}}