{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T21:31:10Z","timestamp":1783287070198,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006579","name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MJ-2017-F-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MJ-2017-F-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFF0101301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFF0101301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNSFC-61874089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNSFC-61874089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Counting rate is an important factor for CdZnTe photon counting detectors as high-flux devices. Until recently, there has been a lack of knowledge on the relationship between X-ray photocurrent response and the photon counting performance of CdZnTe detectors. In this paper, the performance of linear array 1 \u00d7 16-pixel CdZnTe photon counting detectors operated under different applied biases is investigated. The relation between experimental critical flux and applied bias show an approximate quadratic dependence, which agrees well the theoretical prediction. The underlying relationship among X-ray photocurrents, carrier transport properties, and photon counting performance was obtained by analyzing X-ray current\u2013voltage and time current curves. The typical X-ray photocurrent curve can be divided into three regions, which may be explained by the photoconductive gain mechanism and electric field distortion characteristics. To keep CdZnTe photon counting detectors working in a \u201cnon-polarized state\u201d, the applied bias should be set on the left side of the \u201cvalley region\u201d (high bias direction) in the X-ray I-V curves. This provides an effective measurement for determining the proper working bias of CdZnTe detectors and screening photon counting detector crystals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T04:06:51Z","timestamp":1578629211000},"page":"383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Investigation on X-ray Photocurrent Response of CdZnTe Photon Counting Detectors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5596-6652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingrui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, and MIIT Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gangqiang","family":"Zha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, and MIIT Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, and MIIT Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouzhi","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, and MIIT Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Imdetek Co., Ltd., Shaanxi Xixian New Area Qinhan New City Tian Gong 1 road 8-1, Xi\u2019an 712000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, and MIIT Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanqi","family":"Jie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, and MIIT Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1979.4329726","article-title":"Use of a cadmium telluride detector in a new tiny personal radiation chirper","volume":"26","author":"Wolf","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1109\/23.958705","article-title":"Recent progress in CdTe and CdZnTe detectors","volume":"48","author":"Takahashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Transa. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Cajipe, V.B., Calderwood, R.F., Clajus, M., Hayakawa, S., Jayaraman, R., Tumer, T., Grattan, B., and Yossifor, O. (2004, January 16\u201322). Multi-energy X-ray imaging with linear CZT pixel arrays and integrated electronics. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium Conference Record Nuclear Science 2004, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4031","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/15\/002","article-title":"Experimental feasibility of multi-energy photon-counting K-edge imaging in pre-clinical computed tomography","volume":"53","author":"Schlomka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5595","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/20\/002","article-title":"Energy-resolved computed tomography: First experimental results","volume":"53","author":"Shikhaliev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-004-0076-z","article-title":"Development of the high-pressure electro-dynamic gradient crystal-growth technology for semi-insulating CdZnTe growth for radiation detector applications","volume":"33","author":"Szeles","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taguchi, K., and Iwanczyk, J.S. (2013). Vision 20\/20: Single photon counting x-ray detectors in medical imaging. Med. Phys., 40.","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4820371"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2009.2025041","article-title":"Status of direct conversion detectors for medical imaging with X-rays","volume":"56","author":"Overdick","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C01055","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/6\/01\/C01055","article-title":"CdTe\/CZT under high flux irradiation","volume":"6","author":"Strassburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598475","article-title":"Signal formation and decay in CdTe X-ray detectors under intense irradiation","volume":"26","author":"Jahnke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2007.902362","article-title":"Ultra high flux 2-D CdZnTe monolithic detector arrays for x-ray imaging applications","volume":"54","author":"Szeles","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pek\u00e1rek, J., D\u011bdi\u010d, V., Franc, J., Belas, E., Rejhon, M., Moravec, P., Tou\u0161, J., and Voltr, J. (2016). Infrared LED Enhanced Spectroscopic CdZnTe Detector Working under High Fluxes of X-rays. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101591"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c12045","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/12\/12\/C12045","article-title":"Characterisation of Redlen high-flux CdZnTe","volume":"12","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9002(88)90986-2","article-title":"Radiation induced polarization in CdTe detectors","volume":"263","author":"Vartsky","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"082101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2883924","article-title":"A mechanism for dynamic lateral polarization in CdZnTe under high flux x-ray irradiation","volume":"92","author":"Bale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035205","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.77.035205","article-title":"Nature of polarization in wide-bandgap semiconductor detectors under high-flux irradiation: Application to semi-insulating Cd1\u2013xZnxTe","volume":"77","author":"Bale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2006.11.023","article-title":"Cumulative effects of Te precipitates in CdZnTe radiation detectors","volume":"571","author":"Bolotnikov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2016.2556318","article-title":"CdZnTe Detectors Operating at X-ray Fluxes of 100 Million","volume":"63","author":"Prokesch","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1661881","article-title":"Photoconductive gain greater than unity in CdSe films with Schottky barriers at the contacts","volume":"44","author":"Mehta","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.31.210","article-title":"Photoconductive gain in a Schottky barrier photodiode","volume":"31","author":"Soares","year":"1992","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Wilson, M.D., Barnes, P., Cernik, R.C., Hansson, C.C., Jacques, S., Jones, L.L., Seller, P., Sellin, P.J., Sochi, T., and Veale, M.C. (November, January 30). Comparison of the X-ray performance of small pixel CdTe and CZT detectors. Proceedings of the IEEE Nuclear Science Symposuim & Medical Imaging Conference, Knoxville, TN, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/2\/383\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:29:12Z","timestamp":1760362152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/2\/383"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s20020383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20020383","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]}}}