{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T01:58:13Z","timestamp":1771466293353,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]],"date-time":"2020-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission LIFE13","award":["ENV\/IT\/001254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENV\/IT\/001254"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>DYNAMAP, a European Life project, aims at giving a real image of the noise generated by vehicular traffic in urban areas developing a dynamic acoustic map based on a limited number of low-cost permanent noise monitoring stations. The system has been implemented in two pilot areas located in the agglomeration of Milan (Italy) and along the Motorway A90 (Rome-Italy). The paper reports the final assessment of the system installed in the pilot area of Milan. Traffic noise data collected by the monitoring stations, each one representative of a number of roads (groups) sharing similar characteristics (e.g., daily traffic flow), are used to build-up a \u201creal-time\u201d noise map. In particular, we focused on the results of the testing campaign (21 sites distributed over the pilot area and 24 h duration of each recording). It allowed evaluating the accuracy and reliability of the system by comparing the predicted noise level of DYNAMAP with field measurements in randomly selected sites. To this end, a statistical analysis has been implemented to determine the error associated with such prediction, and to optimize the system by developing a correction procedure aimed at keeping the error below some acceptable threshold. The steps and the results of this procedure are given in detail. It is shown that it is possible to describe a complex road network on the basis of a statistical approach, complemented by empirical data, within a threshold of 3 dB provided that the traffic flow model achieves a comparable accuracy within each single groups of roads in the network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]],"date-time":"2020-01-13T04:05:51Z","timestamp":1578888351000},"page":"412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Accuracy of the Dynamic Acoustic Map in a Large City Generated by Fixed Monitoring Units"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Benocci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Confalonieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hector Eduardo","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics \u201cG. Occhialini\u201d, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Angelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2842-7132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Zambon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-017-0057-5","article-title":"Prioritizing process in action plans: A review of approaches","volume":"3","author":"Licitra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pollut. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2006.09.001","article-title":"Environmental noise, sleep and health","volume":"11","author":"Muzet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3158834","article-title":"Long-term road traffic noise exposure is associated with an increase in morning tiredness","volume":"126","author":"Janssen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000147104.84424.24","article-title":"Traffic noise and risk of myocardial infarction","volume":"16","author":"Babisch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.39005","article-title":"Road traffic noise and cardiovascular risk","volume":"10","author":"Babisch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"77","article-title":"Noise and mental performance: Personality attributes and noise sensitivity","volume":"6","author":"Belojevic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328352ac54","article-title":"The quantitative relationship between road traffic noise and hypertension: A meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Babisch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916503256260","article-title":"Ambient noise and cognitive processes among primary schoolchildren","volume":"35","author":"Lercher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"157","article-title":"Global noise score indicator for classroom evaluation of acoustic performances in LIFE GIOCONDA project","volume":"3","author":"Chetoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Noise Mapp."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"European Union (2002). Directive 2002\/49\/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise. Off. J. Eur. Commun., L189, 12."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"European Commission (2011). Report From The Commission To The European Parliament And The Council On the Implementation of the Environmental Noise Directive in accordance with Article 11 of Directive 2002\/49\/EC, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Kephalopoulos, S., Paviotti, M., and Anfosso L\u00e9d\u00e9e, F. (2002). Common Noise Assessment Methods in Europe (CNOSSOS-EU), Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.07.031","article-title":"International scale implementation of the CNOSSOS-EU road traffic noise prediction model for epidemiological studies","volume":"206","author":"Morley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-682X(91)90007-2","article-title":"Statistical analysis of noise levels in urban areas","volume":"34","author":"Garcia","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.918546","article-title":"Comparative analysis of methods to estimate urban noise exposure of inhabitants","volume":"98","author":"Licitra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Acust. United Acust."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ausejo, M., Recuero, M., Asensio, C., Pavon, I., and Pagan, R. (2010, January 13\u201316). Study of uncertainty in noise mapping. Proceedings of the 39th International Congress on 25 Noise Control Engineering, INTERNOISE 2010, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2010.07.007","article-title":"A novel method to determine multiexposure priority indices tested for Pisa action plan","volume":"72","author":"Licitra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2015.08.005","article-title":"Dynamic noise mapping: A map-based interpolation between noise measurements with high temporal resolution","volume":"101","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brambilla, G., Confalonieri, C., and Benocci, R. (2019). Application of the intermittency ratio metric for the classification of urban sites based on road traffic noise events. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235136"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5052173","article-title":"Assimilation of mobile phone measurements for noise mapping of a neighbourhood","volume":"144","author":"Ventura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2019.07.020","article-title":"Statistical requirements for noise mapping based on mobile measurements using bikes","volume":"156","author":"Quintero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2014.03.012","article-title":"Measurement network for urban noise assessment: Comparisonof mobile measurements and spatial interpolation approaches","volume":"83","author":"Cana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2009.01.005","article-title":"The development of a practical framework for strategic noise mapping","volume":"70","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5034799","article-title":"Kriging-based spatial interpolation from measurements for sound level mapping in urban areas","volume":"143","author":"Aumond","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Licitra, G. (2012). Noise Mapping in the EU: Models and Procedures, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b12885"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2016.08.011","article-title":"Ten questions on the soundscapes of the built environment","volume":"108","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2018.04.017","article-title":"Probabilistic modelling framework for multisource sound mapping","volume":"139","author":"Aumond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2019, December 13). DYNAMAP. Available online: http:\/\/www.life-dynamap.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benocci, R., Bellucci, P., Peruzzi, L., Bisceglie, A., Angelini, F., Confalonieri, C., and Zambon, G. (2019). Dynamic noise mapping in the suburban area of Rome (Italy). Environments, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments6070079"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2215219","article-title":"Spatial sampling for night levels estimation in urban environments","volume":"120","author":"Romeu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Socor\u00f3, J.C., Al\u00edas, F., and Alsina-Pag\u00e9s, R.M. (2017). An anomalous noise events detector for dynamic road traffic noise mapping in real-life urban and suburban environments. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102323"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2019.03.007","article-title":"Anomalous events removal for automated traffic noise maps generation","volume":"151","author":"Orga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Orga, F.C., Socor\u00f3, J., Al\u00edas, F., Alsina-Pag\u00e9s, R.M., Zambon, G., Benocci, R., and Bisceglie, A. (2017, January 23\u201327). Anomalous noise events considerations for the computation of road traffic noise levels: The DYNAMAP\u2019s Milan case study. Proceedings of the 24th International Congress on Sound and Vibration, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Ausejo, M., Sim\u00f3n, L., Garc\u00eda, R., Esteban, M., Arias, R., Puga, J., and Rivera, J. (2019, January 16\u201319). Dynamic Noise Map based on permanent monitoring network and street categorization. Proceedings of the INTERNOISE 2019, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Zambon, G., Angelini, F., Salvi, D., Zanaboni, W., and Smiraglia, M. Traffic noise monitoring in the City of Milan: Construction of a representative statistical collection of acoustic trends. Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress on Sound and Vibration, ICSV 2015, Florence, Italy."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"R Core Team (2015). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v025.i04","article-title":"clValid: An R Package for Cluster Validation","volume":"25","author":"Brock","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2020, January 07). Package \u2032clValid\u2032 version 0.6-4. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/clValid\/clValid.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500845","article-title":"Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function","volume":"58","author":"Ward","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"411","article-title":"Statistical Road Classification Applied to Stratified Spatial Sampling of Road Traffic Noise in Urban Areas","volume":"10","author":"Zambon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"130","article-title":"Predicting hourly traffic noise from traffic ow rate model: Underlying concepts for the DYNAMAP project","volume":"3","author":"Smiraglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Noise Mapp."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1889437","article-title":"A categorization method applied to the study of urban road traffic noise","volume":"117","author":"Gomez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zambon, G., Roman, H.E., Smiraglia, M., and Benocci, R. (2018). Monitoring and Prediction of Traffic Noise in Large Urban Areas. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8020251"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Zambon, G., Benocci, R., Bisceglie, A., and Roman, H.E. (2016, January 21\u201324). Milan dynamic noise mapping from few monitoring stations: Statistical analysis on road network. Proceedings of the INTERNOISE 2016, Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2019.07.004","article-title":"Reliability of DYNAMAP traffic noise prediction","volume":"156","author":"Benocci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2019, December 13). AMAT. Available online: https:\/\/www.amat-mi.it\/it\/."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Good Practice Guide for Strategic Noise Mapping and the Production of Associated Data on Noise Exposure (2019, December 13). Available online: http:\/\/sicaweb.cedex.es\/docs\/documentacion\/Good-Practice-Guidefor-Strategic-Noise-Mapping.pdf."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/2\/412\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:04:27Z","timestamp":1760364267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/2\/412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s20020412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20020412","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]]}}}