{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T18:31:30Z","timestamp":1782153090110,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]],"date-time":"2020-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy. (MOTIE, Korea)","award":["10077641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10077641"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When an ultrasonic sensor generates an ultrasonic wave and detects an obstacle from a reflected wave, a signal transmitted by other ultrasonic sensors would be interference. In this paper, to overcome the interference, a transducer transmits a signal with a unique ID modulated. The interference is ignored by verifying that the reflected signal includes its ID. The ID verification process uses a correlation between the received signal and the ID. Therefore, the ID is selected from orthogonal codes with good cross-correlation. Long code has the advantage of being more robust to interference. However, the reflected wave from nearby obstacles might return before the transmission ends. Therefore, the 7-bit Barker code is applied for near obstacle detection and a 31-bit Gold code is used for distant obstacle detection. The modulation technique is DQPSK, which is available in a narrow bandwidth and has a simple receiver structure. In ID recognition based on correlation, a near\u2013far problem occurs due to a large amplitude difference between the received wave and interference. The addition of a zero-crossing detector solves this problem. The hardware is implemented based on the algorithm proposed in this paper. The simulation showed a detection rate of at least 90% and the the result of the real measurement represented a detection rate of 97.3% at 0.5 m and 94.5% at 2 m.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]],"date-time":"2020-01-13T04:05:51Z","timestamp":1578888351000},"page":"414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An Ultrasonic Object Detection Applying the ID Based on Spread Spectrum Technique for a Vehicle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Donghee","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, 63beon-gil, Busandaehakro, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heetae","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, 63beon-gil, Busandaehakro, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moon Chan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, 63beon-gil, Busandaehakro, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suk Chan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, 63beon-gil, Busandaehakro, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2016.2514780","article-title":"Extending the Detection Range of Vision-Based Vehicular Instrumentation","volume":"65","author":"Mammeri","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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