{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:32:02Z","timestamp":1775838722501,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]],"date-time":"2020-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S004017N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S004017N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aside from vast deployment cost reduction, Industrial Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (IWSAN) introduce a new level of industrial connectivity. Wireless connection of sensors and actuators in industrial environments not only enables wireless monitoring and actuation, it also enables coordination of production stages, connecting mobile robots and autonomous transport vehicles, as well as localization and tracking of assets. All these opportunities already inspired the development of many wireless technologies in an effort to fully enable Industry 4.0. However, different technologies significantly differ in performance and capabilities, none being capable of supporting all industrial use cases. When designing a network solution, one must be aware of the capabilities and the trade-offs that prospective technologies have. This paper evaluates the technologies potentially suitable for IWSAN solutions covering an entire industrial site with limited infrastructure cost and discusses their trade-offs in an effort to provide information for choosing the most suitable technology for the use case of interest. The comparative discussion presented in this paper aims to enable engineers to choose the most suitable wireless technology for their specific IWSAN deployment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T04:14:41Z","timestamp":1579234481000},"page":"488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Survey on Wireless Technology Trade-Offs for the Industrial Internet of Things"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Amina","family":"Seferagi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\u2014imec, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3587-1354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Famaey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp\u2014imec, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0214-5751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eli","family":"De Poorter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\u2014imec, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2039-007X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Hoebeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University\u2014imec, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2005.849717","article-title":"Wireless technology in industrial networks","volume":"93","author":"Willig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2898993","article-title":"High-performance wireless networks for industrial control applications: New targets and feasibility","volume":"107","author":"Luvisotto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiner, M., Jorgovanovic, M., Sahai, A., and Nikoli\u00e9, B. (2014, January 10\u201314). Design of a low-latency, high-reliability wireless communication system for control applications. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2014.6883918"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Y.H., Leng, Q., Han, S., Mok, A.K., Zhang, W., Tomizuka, M., Li, T., Malone, D., and Leith, D. (2013). RT-WiFi: Real-time high speed communication protocol for wireless control systems. ACM SIGBED Rev., 10.","DOI":"10.1145\/2518148.2518166"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.06.257","article-title":"Industrial Wireless Automation: Overview and Evolution of WIA-PA","volume":"51","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"HART Communications Foundation (2001). HART Field Communication Protocol Specification, HART Communications Foundation. HFC_SPEC-12, Revision 6.0."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"International Society of Automation (ISA) Standard (2009). Wireless Systems for Industrial Automation: Process Control and Related Applications, International Society of Automation (ISA) Standard. ISA-100.11 a-2009."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1587\/transcom.2016SCI0002","article-title":"IEEE 802.15. 4g based Wi-SUN communication systems","volume":"100","author":"Harada","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2017.10.004","article-title":"Scheduling for IEEE802. 15.4-TSCH and slow channel hopping MAC in low power industrial wireless networks: A survey","volume":"114","author":"Hermeto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"IEC-International Electrotechnical Commission (2015). Industrial Networks: Wireless Communication Network and Communication Profiles, IEC-International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC PAS 62601."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1502-5","article-title":"Impact of EU duty cycle and transmission power limitations for sub-GHz LPWAN SRDs: An overview and future challenges","volume":"2019","author":"Saelens","year":"2019","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c5kerberg, J., Gidlund, M., and Bj\u00f6rkman, M. (2011, January 26\u201329). Future research challenges in wireless sensor and actuator networks targeting industrial automation. Proceedings of the 2011 9th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/INDIN.2011.6034912"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2014.012114.00058","article-title":"An industrial perspective on wireless sensor networks\u2013a survey of requirements, protocols, and challenges","volume":"16","author":"Ovsthus","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frotzscher, A., Wetzker, U., Bauer, M., Rentschler, M., Beyer, M., Elspass, S., and Klessig, H. (2014, January 10\u201314). Requirements and current solutions of wireless communication in industrial automation. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2014.6881174"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-1133-7","article-title":"A review of industrial wireless networks in the context of industry 4.0","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2017.2649104","article-title":"The future of industrial communication: Automation networks in the era of the internet of things and industry 4.0","volume":"11","author":"Wollschlaeger","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2780114","article-title":"Wireless network design for control systems: A survey","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Gunatilaka, D. (2019). High Performance Wireless Sensor-Actuator Networks for Industrial Internet of Things. [Ph.D. Thesis, Washington University in St. Louis]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2548360","article-title":"Comparative examination on architecture and protocol of industrial wireless sensor network standards","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2006.872960","article-title":"On the use of wireless networks at low level of factory automation systems","volume":"2","author":"Miorandi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3390\/fi2020096","article-title":"Survey on wireless sensor network technologies for industrial automation: The security and quality of service perspectives","volume":"2","author":"Christin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2497161","article-title":"Real-time wireless sensor-actuator networks for industrial cyber-physical systems","volume":"104","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Iborra, R., and Cano, M.D. (2016). State of the art in LP-WAN solutions for industrial IoT services. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050708"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varghese, A., and Tandur, D. (2014, January 27\u201329). Wireless requirements and challenges in Industry 4.0. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I), Mysore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/IC3I.2014.7019732"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Zurawski, R. (2014). Industrial Communication Technology Handbook, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Tindell, K., and Burns, A. Guaranteeing message latencies on control area network (CAN). Proceedings of the 1st International CAN Conference, Available online: https:\/\/citeseer.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.43.3251&rep=rep1&type=pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luvisotto, M., Tramarin, F., and Vitturi, S. (2018, January 21\u201323). Assessing the impact of full-duplex wireless in real-time industrial networks. Proceedings of the IECON 2018\u201444th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2018.8591554"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2008.2009971","article-title":"Error control in wireless sensor networks: A cross layer analysis","volume":"17","author":"Vuran","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw. (TON)"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bor, M.C., Roedig, U., Voigt, T., and Alonso, J.M. (2016, January 13\u201317). Do LoRa low-power wide-area networks scale?. Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems, Malta.","DOI":"10.1145\/2988287.2989163"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aref, M., and Sikora, A. (2014, January 11\u201312). Free space range measurements with Semtech LoRa\u2122 technology. Proceedings of the 2014 2nd International Symposium on Wireless Systems within the Conferences on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems, Offenburg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IDAACS-SWS.2014.6954616"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2768498","article-title":"Scalability analysis of large-scale LoRaWAN networks in ns-3","volume":"4","author":"Haxhibeqiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haxhibeqiri, J., De Poorter, E., Moerman, I., and Hoebeke, J. (2018). A survey of lorawan for iot: From technology to application. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113995"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzi, M., Ferrari, P., Flammini, A., Sisinni, E., and Gidlund, M. (June, January 31). Using LoRa for industrial wireless networks. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 13th International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS), Trondheim, Norway.","DOI":"10.1109\/WFCS.2017.7991972"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00f6tsch, A., and Hammer, F. (2019, January 27\u201329). Towards end-to-end latency of LoRaWAN: Experimental analysis and IIoT applicability. Proceedings of the 2019 15th IEEE international workshop on factory communication systems (WFCS), Sundsvall, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/WFCS.2019.8758033"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160ljivo, A., Kerkhove, D., Tian, L., Famaey, J., Munteanu, A., Moerman, I., Hoebeke, J., and De Poorter, E. (2018). Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11ah Networks With High-Throughput Bidirectional Traffic. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020325"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7839","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2916579","article-title":"Evaluating the suitability of IEEE 802.11 ah for low-latency time-critical control loops","volume":"6","author":"Moerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santi, S., \u0160ljivo, A., Tian, L., De Poorter, E., Hoebeke, J., and Famaey, J. (2017, January 6\u20138). Supporting heterogeneous IoT traffic using the IEEE 802.11 Ah restricted access window. Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems, Delft, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1145\/3131672.3136956"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"\u0160ljivo, A., Kerkhove, D., Moerman, I., De Poorter, E., and Hoebeke, J. (2017, January 13\u201314). Reliability and Scalability Evaluation with TCP\/IP of IEEE802. 11ah Networks. Proceedings of the Workshop on ns3 (WNS3), Porto, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2764475","article-title":"Narrowband internet of things: Implementations and applications","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600510CM","article-title":"A primer on 3GPP narrowband Internet of Things","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basu, S.S., Sultania, A.K., Famaey, J., and Hoebeke, J. (2019, January 21\u201323). Experimental Performance Evaluation of NB-IoT. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMOB.2019.8923221"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5702","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2904799","article-title":"Exploring the Performance Boundaries of NB-IoT","volume":"6","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2014.2362891","article-title":"When scavengers meet industrial wireless","volume":"62","author":"Martinez","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen, S., and Carlsen, S. (2009, January 22\u201325). Performance evaluation of WirelessHART for factory automation. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA.2009.5346996"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S., Zhu, X., Aloysius, K.M., Nixon, M., Blevins, T., and Chen, D. (2010, January 7\u201310). Control over WirelessHART network. Proceedings of the IECON 2010-36th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Glendale, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2010.5675278"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c5kerberg, J., Gidlund, M., Reichenbach, F., and Bj\u00f6rkman, M. (2011, January 5\u20139). Measurements on an Industrial Wireless Hart Network Supporting Profisafe: A Case Study. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Toulouse, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA.2011.6059011"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"910","article-title":"Implementation of flow control over wirelessHART sensor network using wirelessHART adaptors","volume":"15","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2018, December 14). One Wireless Field Device Access Point Specification Release 310 OW03-650-310 Kernel Description. Available online: https:\/\/www.honeywellprocess.com\/library\/marketing\/tech-specs\/onewireless-fdap-specification.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jecan, E., Pop, C., Padrah, Z., Ratiu, O., and Puschita, E. (2018, January 13\u201315). A dual-standard solution for industrial Wireless Sensor Network deployment: Experimental testbed and performance evaluation. Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS), Imperia, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/WFCS.2018.8402360"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Advances in Body Area Networks, I., Fortino, G., and Wang, Z. (2019). Experimental Performance Evaluation of BLE 4 Versus BLE 5 in Indoors and Outdoors Scenarios, Springer."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baert, M., Rossey, J., Shahid, A., and Hoebeke, J. (2018). The Bluetooth mesh standard: An overview and experimental evaluation. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082409"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mochizuki, K., Obata, K., Mizutani, K., and Harada, H. (2016, January 12\u201314). Development and field experiment of wide area Wi-SUN system based on IEEE 802.15. 4g. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 3rd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Reston, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2016.7845425"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cena, G., Scanzio, S., Valenzano, A., and Zunino, C. (2019, January 10\u201313). Experimental Analysis and Comparison of Industrial IoT Devices based on TSCH. Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Zaragoza, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA.2019.8869410"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"ETSI (2018). System Reference document (SRdoc). Technical characteristics for Low Power Wide Area Networks Chirp Spread Spectrum (LPWAN-CSS) operating in the UHF spectrum below 1 GHz, ETSI. ETSI TR 103 526 V1.1.1."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"LoRa Alliance (2015). LoRaWAN\u2122 Specification, LoRa Alliance Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/lora-alliance.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-04\/lorawantm_specification_-v1.1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2017). IEEE Standard for Information Technology\u2013Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems\u2014Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2013Specific Requirements\u2014Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 2: Sub 1 GHz License Exempt Operation, IEEE. IEEE Std 802.11ah-2016 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.11-2016, as amended by IEEE Std 802.11ai-2016)."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Guo, J., Orlik, P., Nagai, Y., Watanabe, K., and Sumi, T. (2018, January 15\u201318). Coexistence of 802.11 ah and 802.15. 4g networks. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2018.8376972"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haxhibeqiri, J., Van den Abeele, F., Moerman, I., and Hoebeke, J. (2017). LoRa scalability: A simulation model based on interference measurements. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061193"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultania, A.K., Delgado, C., and Famaey, J. (2019, January 21). Implementation of NB-IoT Power Saving Schemes in ns-3. Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Next-Generation Wireless with ns-3, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/3337941.3337944"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, L., \u0160ljivo, A., Santi, S., De Poorter, E., Hoebeke, J., and Famaey, J. (2018, January 13\u201314). Extension of the IEEE 802.11 ah ns-3 Simulation Module. Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on ns-3, Mangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1145\/3199902.3199906"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3494","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3494","article-title":"Simulating 6TiSCH networks","volume":"30","author":"Municio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, J., Chang, T., Vilajosana, X., and Watteyne, T. (2018). Evaluation of IEEE802. 15.4 g for Environmental Observations. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103468"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellekens, B., Tian, L., Boer, P., Weyn, M., and Famaey, J. (2017, January 4\u20138). Outdoor IEEE 802.11 ah range characterization using validated propagation models. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2017\u20142017 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8254515"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ousat, B., and Ghaderi, M. (2019, January 8\u201313). LoRa Network Planning: Gateway Placement and Device Configuration. Proceedings of 2019 IEEE International Congress on Internet of Things (ICIOT), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIOT.2019.00017"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, L., Khorov, E., Latr\u00e9, S., and Famaey, J. (2017). Real-Time Station Grouping under Dynamic Traffic for IEEE 802.11ah. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071559"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2014.08.008","article-title":"A survey on IEEE 802.11ah: An enabling networking technology for smart cities","volume":"58","author":"Khorov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Shamsi, M. (2019, January 08). WirelessHART Field Device Installation and Configuration. Available online: https:\/\/www.emerson.com\/documents\/automation\/article-wirelesshart-field-device-installation-configuration-en-38282.pdf."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/2\/488\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:43:05Z","timestamp":1760362985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/2\/488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s20020488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20020488","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]}}}