{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:17:30Z","timestamp":1778559450669,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 61503137 and No. 61871181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 61503137 and No. 61871181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2017MS035 and No. 2018ZD06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2017MS035 and No. 2018ZD06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The wind power industry continues to experience rapid growth worldwide. However, the fluctuations in wind speed and direction complicate the wind turbine control process and hinder the integration of wind power into the electrical grid. To maximize wind utilization, we propose to precisely measure the wind in a three-dimensional (3D) space, thus facilitating the process of wind turbine control. Natural wind is regarded as a 3D vector, whose direction and magnitude correspond to the wind\u2019s direction and speed. A semi-conical ultrasonic sensor array is proposed to simultaneously measure the wind speed and direction in a 3D space. As the ultrasonic signal transmitted between the sensors is influenced by the wind and environment noise, a Multiple Signal Classification algorithm is adopted to estimate the wind information from the received signal. The estimate\u2019s accuracy is evaluated in terms of root mean square error and mean absolute error. The robustness of the proposed method is evaluated by the type A evaluation of standard uncertainty under a varying signal-to-noise ratio. Simulation results validate the accuracy and anti-noise performance of the proposed method, whose estimated wind speed and direction errors converge to zero when the SNR is over 15 dB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T04:27:09Z","timestamp":1579494429000},"page":"523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Three-Dimensional Wind Measurement Based on Ultrasonic Sensor Array and Multiple Signal Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Bian","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9438-9683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huixian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pechak, O., Mavrotas, G., and Diakoulaki, D. 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