{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:35:09Z","timestamp":1760402109129,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,19]],"date-time":"2020-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51975069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51975069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing","award":["cstc2018jcyjAX0077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2018jcyjAX0077"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Disk-shaped torque sensors are widely used in robotic joints and wheel driving. However, in terms of conventional spoke-type geometries, there is always a trade-off between sensitivity and stiffness, because their strain exposure depends upon a bending deformation mode which causes strain nonuniformity. This paper presents a lever-type method of strain exposure that performs a uniaxial tension and compression deformation mode to optimize the strain uniformity and improve the trade-off. Moreover, on the basis of this approach, the proposed disk F-shaped torque sensor enjoys has axial thinness, easy installation of strain gauges and flexible customization. The simulation and experimental results have validated the basic design idea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T04:27:09Z","timestamp":1579494429000},"page":"541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Lever-Type Method of Strain Exposure for Disk F-Shaped Torque Sensor Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6997-0257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Shu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"College of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"College of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"College of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3187101","article-title":"Torque sensor for direct-drive manipulators","volume":"109","author":"Price","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. 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