{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:38:33Z","timestamp":1778866713038,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present the investigations on metal oxide-based gas sensors considering the works performed at SENSOR lab, University of Brescia (Italy). We reported the developments in synthesis techniques for the preparation of doped and functionalized low-dimensional metal oxide materials. Furthermore, we discussed our achievements in the fabrication of heterostructures with unique functional features. In particular, we focused on the strategies to improve the sensing performance of metal oxides at relatively low operating temperatures. We presented our studies on surface photoactivation of sensing structures considering the application of biocompatible materials in the architecture of the functional devices as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T11:25:59Z","timestamp":1579605959000},"page":"579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Chemical Gas Sensors Studied at SENSOR Lab, Brescia (Italy): From Conventional to Energy-Efficient and Biocompatible Composite Structures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0615-3097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vardan","family":"Galstyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SENSOR Lab, Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-5733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navpreet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SENSOR Lab, Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Zappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SENSOR Lab, Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4621-0658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse (IBBR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5991-9391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Sberveglieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse (IBBR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy"},{"name":"NANO SENSOR SYSTEMS srl, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2559-5197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Comini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SENSOR Lab, Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"NANO SENSOR SYSTEMS srl, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.07.036","article-title":"Theory of power laws for semiconductor gas sensors","volume":"128","author":"Yamazoe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00890-5","article-title":"Theory of gas-diffusion controlled sensitivity for thin film semiconductor gas sensor","volume":"80","author":"Sakai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comini, E., Faglia, G., and Sberveglieri, G. (2009). Solid State Gas Sensing Preface, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09665-0"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"J85","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2832655","article-title":"Roles of shape and size of component crystals in semiconductor gas sensors","volume":"155","author":"Yamazoe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.10.027","article-title":"Metal oxide nanoscience and nanotechnology for chemical sensors","volume":"179","author":"Comini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.12.027","article-title":"Large surface area biphase titania for chemical sensing","volume":"209","author":"Galstyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.7.133","article-title":"A composite structure based on reduced graphene oxide and metal oxide nanomaterials for chemical sensors","volume":"7","author":"Galstyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2008.06.003","article-title":"Quasi-one dimensional metal oxide semiconductors: Preparation, characterization and application as chemical sensors","volume":"54","author":"Comini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galstyan, V., Poli, N., and Comini, E. (2019). Highly Sensitive and Selective H2S Chemical Sensor Based on ZnO Nanomaterial. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9061167"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125502","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/18\/12\/125502","article-title":"Columnar CeO2 nanostructures for sensor application","volume":"18","author":"Davide","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2018.00077","article-title":"Review of Printed Electrodes for Flexible Devices","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2018.00675","article-title":"Electrodeposition of Polymer Electrolyte Into Porous LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 for High Performance All-Solid-State Microbatteries","volume":"6","author":"Salian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2019.00221","article-title":"Force Analysis and Energy Harvesting for Innovative Multi-functional Shoes","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasreldin, M., Delattre, R., Ramuz, M., Lahuec, C., Djenizian, T., and De Bougrenet de la Tocnaye, J.-L. (2019). Flexible Micro-Battery for Powering Smart Contact Lens. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092062"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galstyan, V. (2017). Porous TiO2-Based Gas Sensors for Cyber Chemical Systems to Provide Security and Medical Diagnosis. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122947"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201101356","article-title":"Vertically Aligned TiO2 Nanotubes on Plastic Substrates for Flexible Solar Cells","volume":"7","author":"Galstyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ee00485e","article-title":"Flexible dye sensitized solar cells using TiO2 nanotubes","volume":"4","author":"Vomiero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ce27011d","article-title":"Synthesis of self-assembled chain-like ZnO nanostructures on stiff and flexible substrates","volume":"15","author":"Galstyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2011.12.076","article-title":"Fabrication of pure and Nb\u2013TiO2 nanotubes and their functional properties","volume":"536","author":"Galstyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.11.050","article-title":"Drop-coated metal-oxide gas sensor on polyimide foil with reduced power consumption for wireless applications","volume":"161","author":"Courbat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Walczak, R., and Dziuban, J. (2012, January 9\u201312). Zinc oxide nanowires deposited on polymeric hotplates for low-power gas sensors. Proceedings of the 26th European Conference on Solid-State Transducers, Eurosensor 2012, Krakow, Poland."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Urban, G., Wollenstein, J., and Kieninger, J. (2015, January 6\u20139). Tungsten Oxide Nanowires on micro hotplates for Gas Sensing applications. Proceedings of the Eurosensors 2015, Freiburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zappa, D. (2019). Low-Power Detection of Food Preservatives by a Novel Nanowire-Based Sensor Array. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201905.0138.v1"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Chin, N.L., Man, H.C., and Talib, R.A. (2014, January 1\u20133). Overview of Bacterial Cellulose Production and Application. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Agricultural and Food Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fortunato, E., Gaspar, D., Duarte, P., Pereira, L., Aguas, H., Vicente, A., Dourado, F., Gama, M., and Martins, R. (2016). Optoelectronic Devices from Bacterial NanoCellulose. Acterial Nanocellulose, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63458-0.00011-1"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.09.008","article-title":"Applications of bacterial cellulose as precursor of carbon and composites with metal oxide, metal sulfide and metal nanoparticles: A review of recent advances","volume":"157","author":"Foresti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-7243-4","article-title":"Bacterial nanocellulose production and application: A 10-year overview","volume":"100","author":"Jozala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2018.11.011","article-title":"BC-MOS: The novel bacterial cellulose based MOS gas sensors","volume":"237","author":"Bertuna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.03.070","article-title":"Effect of volatiles interaction during pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin at different temperatures","volume":"248","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116168","article-title":"Torrefaction, pyrolysis and two-stage thermodegradation of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin","volume":"258","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1039\/b919112g","article-title":"Novel transparent nanocomposite films based on chitosan and bacterial cellulose","volume":"11","author":"Fernandes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Lustri, W., Barud, H., Barud, H., Peres, M., Gutierrez, J., Tercjak, A., Oliveira Junior, O., and Ribeiro, S. (2020, January 22). Microbial Cellulose\u2014Biosynthesis Mechanisms and Medical Applications, Cellulose -Fundamental Aspects and Current Trends, Matheus Poletto and Heitor Luiz Ornaghi Junior, IntechOpen. Available online: https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/cellulose-fundamental-aspects-and-current-trends\/microbial-cellulose-biosynthesis-mechanisms-and-medical-applications."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1088\/0268-1242\/5\/12\/015","article-title":"A New Technique for Growing Large surface-area SnO2 thin-film (RGTO technique)","volume":"5","author":"Sberveglieri","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semicond. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7720","DOI":"10.1021\/jp060346h","article-title":"Density-Controlled Growth of Aligned ZnO Nanowires Sharing a Common Contact:\u2009 A Simple, Low-Cost, and Mask-Free Technique for Large-Scale Applications","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2009.04.004","article-title":"Semiconducting tin oxide nanowires and thin films for Chemical Warfare Agents detection","volume":"517","author":"Sberveglieri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1021\/jp036693y","article-title":"Electrical Properties of Tin Dioxide Two-Dimensional Nanostructures","volume":"108","author":"Comini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.09.015","article-title":"Optical sensing of NO2 in tin oxide nanowires at sub-ppm level","volume":"130","author":"Setaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175706","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/17\/175706","article-title":"Recombination dynamics of deep defect states in zinc oxide nanowires","volume":"20","author":"Lettieri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1021\/cg900749j","article-title":"Insight into the Formation Mechanism of One-Dimensional Indium Oxide Wires","volume":"10","author":"Vomiero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205701","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/27\/20\/205701","article-title":"Nickel oxide nanowires: Vapor liquid solid synthesis and integration into a gas sensing device","volume":"27","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465502","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aa8d2a","article-title":"Bottle-brush-shaped heterostructures of NiO\u2013ZnO nanowires: Growth study and sensing properties","volume":"28","author":"Baratto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15087","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA25019F","article-title":"Vapour phase nucleation of ZnO nanowires on GaN: Growth habit, interface study and optical properties","volume":"6","author":"Baratto","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.02.042","article-title":"Branch-like NiO\/ZnO heterostructures for VOC sensing","volume":"262","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galstyan, V., Comini, E., Ponzoni, A., Sberveglieri, V., and Sberveglieri, G. (2016). ZnO Quasi-1D Nanostructures: Synthesis, Modeling, and Properties for Applications in Conductometric Chemical Sensors. Chemosensors, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors4020006"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3368","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201306126","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Self-Supported Metal Oxides for Advanced Energy Storage","volume":"26","author":"Ellis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14813","DOI":"10.3390\/s131114813","article-title":"TiO2 nanotubes: Recent advances in synthesis and gas sensing properties","volume":"13","author":"Galstyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2016.12.001","article-title":"Fabrication of hollow TiO2 nanotubes through atomic layer deposition and MWCNT templates","volume":"308","author":"Dominguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23223","DOI":"10.1039\/c4ra03266g","article-title":"Hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 nanotubes and their application as an over-layer for dye-sensitized solar cells","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2014.01.145","article-title":"Synthesis of anatase TiO2 nanotubes derived from a natural leucoxene mineral by the hydrothermal method","volume":"40","author":"Aphairaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2014.01.216","article-title":"Characterization and photocatalytic activity of large-area single crystalline anatase TiO2 nanotube films hydrothermal synthesized on Plasma electrolytic oxidation seed layers","volume":"597","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2019.00001","article-title":"Encapsulating Mo-Doped TiO2 Anatase in N-Doped Amorphous Carbon with Excellent Lithium Storage Performances","volume":"6","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200902063","article-title":"Template-Directed Liquid ALD Growth of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays: Properties and Potential in Photovoltaic Devices","volume":"20","author":"Foong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1039\/c1ra00077b","article-title":"TiO2 nanotubular and nanoporous arrays by electrochemical anodization on different substrates","volume":"1","author":"Galstyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10273","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CE01540A","article-title":"Synthesis of self-ordered and well-aligned Nb2O5 nanotubes","volume":"16","author":"Galstyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2019.00179","article-title":"Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Electropolymerized Self-Organized TiO2 Nanotubes Fabricated by Anodization of Ti Grid","volume":"7","author":"Sugiawati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.137558","article-title":"The effect of doping concentration of TiO2 nanotubes on energy levels and its direct correlation with photocatalytic activity","volume":"690","author":"Peighambardoust","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4602","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CE00272E","article-title":"Microstructure of the epitaxial film of anatase nanotubes obtained at high voltage and the mechanism of its electrochemical reaction with sodium","volume":"16","author":"Nacimiento","year":"2014","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4798","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CE00533A","article-title":"Effect of the length of anodically grown titania nanotubes on the efficiency of a moisture-stable hole transport material (HTM)-free perovskite solar cell","volume":"21","author":"Tenkyong","year":"2019","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5325","DOI":"10.1039\/b905196a","article-title":"Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells using TiO2 nanotube arrays on FTO glass","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2015.01.040","article-title":"Highly conductive titanium oxide nanotubes chemical sensors","volume":"208","author":"Comini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365701","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/25\/36\/365701","article-title":"Synthesis and electrochemical study of a hybrid structure based on PDMS-TEOS and titania nanotubes for biomedical applications","volume":"25","author":"Alexandre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.127217","article-title":"Highly sensitive and selective detection of dimethylamine through Nb-doping of TiO2 nanotubes for potential use in seafood quality control","volume":"303","author":"Galstyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200305660","article-title":"Porous Tin Oxides Prepared Using an Anodic Oxidation Process","volume":"16","author":"Shin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28862","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b09795","article-title":"Mesoporous SnO2 Nanostructures of Ultrahigh Surface Areas by Novel Anodization","volume":"8","author":"Bian","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/0584-8539(94)01216-4","article-title":"FT-IR characterization of tin dioxide gas sensor materials under working conditions","volume":"51","author":"Lenaerts","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6028(79)90411-4","article-title":"Interactions of tin oxide surface with O2, H2O and H2","volume":"86","author":"Yamazoe","year":"1979","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Madou, M.J., and Morrison, S.R. (1989). Powders. Chemical Sensing with Solid State Devices, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6469","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ce25956g","article-title":"Controlled synthesis and properties of \u03b2-Fe2O3 nanosystems functionalized with Ag or Pt nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Carraro","year":"2012","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11813","DOI":"10.1021\/jp5032288","article-title":"Au\/\u03b5-Fe2O3 nanocomposites as selective NO2 Gas Sensors","volume":"118","author":"Peeters","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23692","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b04875","article-title":"Sensing Nitrogen Mustard Gas Simulant at the ppb Scale via Selective Dual-Site Activation at Au\/Mn3O4 Interfaces","volume":"11","author":"Bigiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.06.020","article-title":"Cr-inserted TiO2 thin films for chemical gas sensors","volume":"128","author":"Alessandri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.03.054","article-title":"Chemical sensing investigations on Zn\u2013In2O3 nanowires","volume":"171","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.07.016","article-title":"Plasma enhanced-CVD of undoped and fluorine-doped Co3O4 nanosystems for novel gas sensors","volume":"160","author":"Barreca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zappa, D. (2019). The Influence of Nb on the Synthesis of WO3 Nanowires and the Effects on Hydrogen Sensing Performance. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19102332"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.09.020","article-title":"Effects of F doping on TiO2 acidic sites and their application in QCM based gas sensors","volume":"151","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235706","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/23\/23\/235706","article-title":"Fabrication and investigation of gas sensing properties of Nb-doped TiO2 nanotubular arrays","volume":"23","author":"Galstyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5642","DOI":"10.1021\/cm701990f","article-title":"First Example of ZnO\u2212TiO2 Nanocomposites by Chemical Vapor Deposition:\u2009 Structure, Morphology, Composition, and Gas Sensing Performances","volume":"19","author":"Barreca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10510","DOI":"10.1021\/jp202449k","article-title":"Novel Synthesis and Gas Sensing Performances of CuO\u2013TiO2 Nanocomposites Functionalized with Au Nanoparticles","volume":"115","author":"Barreca","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.01.077","article-title":"Acetone sensors based on TiO2 nanocrystals modified with tungsten oxide species","volume":"665","author":"Epifani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6898","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b00632","article-title":"Surface Modification of TiO2 Nanocrystals by WOx Coating or Wrapping: Solvothermal synthesis and enhanced surface chemistry","volume":"7","author":"Epifani","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20697","DOI":"10.1021\/jp406518w","article-title":"Colloidal Counterpart of the TiO2-Supported V2O5 System: A Case Study of Oxide-on-Oxide Deposition by Wet Chemical Techniques. Synthesis, Vanadium Speciation, and Gas-Sensing Enhancement","volume":"117","author":"Epifani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b00772","article-title":"Investigation of Reduced Graphene Oxide and a Nb-Doped TiO2 Nanotube Hybrid Structure To Improve the Gas-Sensing Response and Selectivity","volume":"4","author":"Galstyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7098","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.8b01924","article-title":"Reduced Graphene Oxide\u2013TiO2 Nanotube Composite: Comprehensive Study for Gas-Sensing Applications","volume":"1","author":"Galstyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34225","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA01913G","article-title":"Reduced graphene oxide\/ZnO nanocomposite for application in chemical gas sensors","volume":"6","author":"Galstyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.02.072","article-title":"Band gap engineering of transition metal (Ni\/Co) codoped in zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles","volume":"744","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6533","DOI":"10.1021\/nl503131s","article-title":"TiO2 Anatase with a Bandgap in the Visible Region","volume":"14","author":"Dette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TC04089B","article-title":"Band gap and work function tailoring of SnO2 for improved transparent conducting ability in photovoltaics","volume":"4","author":"Ganose","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.152565","article-title":"Oxygen partial pressure dependent UV photodetector performance of WO3 sputtered thin films","volume":"816","author":"Yadav","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR08652K","article-title":"Clarifying the high on\/off ratio mechanism of nanowire UV photodetector by characterizing surface barrier height","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b03684","article-title":"Metal\u2013Semiconductor\u2013Metal UV Detectors Using Transferrable Amorphous and Crystalline Zinc-Tin-Oxide Microsphere Monolayers","volume":"8","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.09.253","article-title":"High-response of amorphous ZnSnO sensors for ultraviolet and ethanol detections","volume":"357","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00796-1","article-title":"UV light activation of tin oxide thin films for NO2 sensing at low temperatures","volume":"78","author":"Comini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2003.822216","article-title":"SnO2 RGTO UV activation for CO monitoring","volume":"4","author":"Comini","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/ijac.12295","article-title":"SiC Foams Decorated with SnO2 Nanostructures for Room Temperature Gas Sensing","volume":"11","author":"Karakuscu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arachchige, H.M.M.M., Gunawardhana, N., Zappa, D., and Comini, E. (2018). UV light assisted NO2 sensing by SnO2\/graphene oxide composite. Proceedings, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings2130787"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Barsony, I., Zolnai, Z., and Battistig, G. (2016, January 4\u20137). Single metal oxide nanowire devices for ammonia and other gases detection in humid atmosphere. Proceedings of the 30th Anniversary Eurosensors Conference\u2014Eurosensors 2016, Budapest, Hungary."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.7b09807","article-title":"Tin Oxide Nanowires Decorated with Ag Nanoparticles for Visible Light-Enhanced Hydrogen Sensing at Room Temperature: Bridging Conductometric Gas Sensing and Plasmon-Driven Catalysis","volume":"122","author":"Cattabiani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.09.086","article-title":"Detection of food and skin pathogen microbiota by means of an electronic nose based on metal oxide chemiresistors","volume":"238","author":"Sberveglieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2195306","article-title":"Electronic Noses as Flexible Tools to Assess Food Quality and Safety: Should we Trust Them?","volume":"12","author":"Concina","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.10.051","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of Enterobacteriaceae in vegetable soups by a metal oxide sensor based electronic nose","volume":"207","author":"Gobbi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponzoni, A., Baratto, C., Cattabiani, N., Falasconi, M., Galstyan, V., Nunez-Carmona, E., Rigoni, F., Sberveglieri, V., Zambotti, G., and Zappa, D. (2017). Metal Oxide Gas Sensors, a Survey of Selectivity Issues Addressed at the SENSOR Lab, Brescia (Italy). Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040714"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galstyan, V., Bhandari, M., Sberveglieri, V., Sberveglieri, G., and Comini, E. (2018). Metal Oxide Nanostructures in Food Applications: Quality Control and Packaging. Chemosensors, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors6020016"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/3\/579\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:20:26Z","timestamp":1760361626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/3\/579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s20030579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20030579","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]}}}