{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T07:34:42Z","timestamp":1763105682686,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1965102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1965102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Innovation Team for Talent Promotion Plan of Shaanxi Province","award":["2019TD-028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019TD-028"]}]},{"name":"the Special Planned Project for Serving Local Areas of Education Department of Shaanxi Provincial Government","award":["18JC029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18JC029"]}]},{"name":"the International Science and technology cooperation project of Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["2018KW-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018KW-025"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Program of Xi'an","award":["201806117YF05NC13-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201806117YF05NC13-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensor nodes perform missions based on the effectual invariable coverage of events, and it is commonly guaranteed by the determinate deployment for sensor nodes who deviate from the optimum site frequently. To reach the optimal coverage effect with the lowest costs is a primary goal of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, by splicing the sensing area optimally with cellular grids, the best deployment location for sensors and the required minimum number of them are revealed. The optimization problem of coverage rate and energy consumption is converted into a task assignment problem, and a dynamic partition algorithm for cellular grids is also proposed to improve the coverage effect when the number of sensors is variable. Furthermore, on the basis of solving the multi-objective problem of reducing and balancing the energy cost of sensors, the vampire bat optimizer is improved by introducing virtual bats and virtual preys, and finally solves the asymmetric assignment problem once the number of cellular grids is not equal to that of sensors. Simulation results indicate that the residual energy of sensors during redeployment is balanced notably by our strategy when compared to three other popular coverage-enhancement algorithms. Additionally, the total energy cost of sensor nodes and coverage rate can be optimized, and it also has a superior robustness when the number of nodes changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T11:17:57Z","timestamp":1579691877000},"page":"619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An Energy-Efficient Coverage Enhancement Strategy for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on a Dynamic Partition Algorithm for Cellular Grids and an Improved Vampire Bat Optimizer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4970-8320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Communication Network and Security, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3591-7009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanpeng","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Communication Network and Security, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Communication Network and Security, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China"}]},{"given":"Zhanjun","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2013.2243032","article-title":"Design of a WSN platform for long-term environmental monitoring for IoT applications","volume":"3","author":"Lazarescu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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