{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:49:01Z","timestamp":1773287341441,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]],"date-time":"2020-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oil palm ripeness\u2019 main evaluation procedure is traditionally accomplished by human vision. However, the dependency on human evaluators to grade the ripeness of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) by traditional means could lead to inaccuracy that can cause a reduction in oil palm fruit oil extraction rate (OER). This paper emphasizes the fruit battery method to distinguish oil palm fruit FFB ripeness stages by determining the value of load resistance voltage and its moisture content resolution. In addition, computer vision using a color feature is tested on the same samples to compare the accuracy score using support vector machine (SVM). The accuracy score results of the fruit battery, computer vision, and a combination of both methods\u2019 accuracy scores are evaluated and compared. When the ripe and unripe samples were tested for load resistance voltage ranging from 10 \u03a9 to 10 k\u03a9, three resistance values were shortlisted and tested for moisture content resolution evaluation. A 1 k\u03a9 load resistance showed the best moisture content resolution, and the results were used for accuracy score evaluation comparison with computer vision. From the results obtained, the accuracy scores for the combination method are the highest, followed by the fruit battery and computer vision methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]],"date-time":"2020-01-23T10:36:02Z","timestamp":1579775762000},"page":"637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Fruit Battery Method for Oil Palm Fruit Ripeness Sensor and Comparison with Computer Vision Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8057-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nor Aziana","family":"Aliteh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiko","family":"Minakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunihisa","family":"Tashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Wakiwaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Education Center, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norhisam","family":"Misron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2005.12.049","article-title":"Physical and mechanical properties of two varieties of fresh oil palm fruit","volume":"78","author":"Owolarafe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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