{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T10:49:40Z","timestamp":1777114180274,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]],"date-time":"2020-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010221","name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IRSIP 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRSIP 2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interleukin 6 (IL-6), being a major component of homeostasis, immunomodulation, and hematopoiesis, manifests multiple pathological conditions when upregulated in response to viral, microbial, carcinogenic, or autoimmune stimuli. High fidelity immunosensors offer real-time monitoring of IL-6 and facilitate early prognosis of life-threatening diseases. Different approaches to augment robustness and enhance overall performance of biosensors have been demonstrated over the past few years. Electrochemical- and fluorescence-based detection methods with integrated electronics have been subjects of intensive research due to their ability to offer a better signal-to-noise ratio, high specificity, ultra-sensitivity, and wide dynamic range. In this review, the pleiotropic role of IL-6 and its clinical significance is discussed in detail, followed by detection schemes devised so far for their quantitative analysis. A critical review on underlying signal amplification strategies and performance of electrochemical and optical biosensors is presented. In conclusion, we discuss the reliability and feasibility of the proposed detection technologies for commercial applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]],"date-time":"2020-01-23T10:36:02Z","timestamp":1579775762000},"page":"646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Recent Advances in Electrochemical and Optical Biosensors Designed for Detection of Interleukin 6"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0368-8280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munezza Ata","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences &amp; Technology, H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"},{"name":"School of Materials Sciences &amp; Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3454-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mujahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences &amp; Technology, H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Pak-Austria Fachhochshule, Institute of Applied Sciences &amp; Technology, Khanpur Road, Mang, Haripur 22650, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kishimoto, T., and Tanaka, T. (2015). Interleukin 6. Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-0620-6_179-1"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"117","article-title":"Interleukin-6: A regulator of plasma protein gene expression in hepatic and non-hepatic tissues","volume":"7","author":"Sehgal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.4.11.2199284","article-title":"Biology of multifunctional cytokines: IL-6 and related molecules (IL 1 & TNF)","volume":"4","author":"Akira","year":"1990","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(90)90173-7","article-title":"Biological and clinical aspects of interleukin 6","volume":"11","author":"Hirano","year":"1990","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.08.040190.001345","article-title":"Interleukin-6: An overview","volume":"8","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60532-5","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in biology and medicine","volume":"Volume 54","author":"Akira","year":"1993","journal-title":"Advances in Immunology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(88)80404-2","article-title":"Phosphorylation of secreted forms of human \u03b22-interferon\/hepatocyte stimulating factor\/interleukin-6","volume":"152","author":"May","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/324073a0","article-title":"Complementary DNA for a novel human interleukin (BSF-2) that induces B lymphocytes to produce immunoglobulin","volume":"324","author":"Hirano","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830180202","article-title":"cDNA cloning of murine interleukin-HP1: Homology with human interleukin 6","volume":"18","author":"Cayphas","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16072","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)71589-5","article-title":"Structure of the rat interleukin 6 gene and its expression in macrophage-derived cells","volume":"264","author":"Northemann","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(90)90139-Z","article-title":"Haemopoietic receptors and helical cytokines","volume":"11","author":"Bazan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3136546","article-title":"Cloning and expression of the human interleukin-6 (BSF-2\/IFN beta 2) receptor","volume":"241","author":"Yamasaki","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.171.6.2001","article-title":"Functional murine interleukin 6 receptor with the intracisternal A particle gene product at its cytoplasmic domain. Its possible role in plasmacytomagenesis","volume":"171","author":"Sugita","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10998","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.22.10998","article-title":"Functional inhibition of hematopoietic and neurotrophic cytokines by blocking the interleukin 6 signal transducer gp130","volume":"89","author":"Taga","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05815.x","article-title":"Structure-function analysis of human IL-6 receptor: Dissociation of amino acid residues required for IL-6-binding and for IL-6 signal transduction through gp130","volume":"12","author":"Yawata","year":"1993","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90438-8","article-title":"Interleukin-6 triggers the association of its receptor with a possible signal transducer, gp130","volume":"58","author":"Taga","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90411-7","article-title":"Molecular cloning and expression of an IL-6 signal transducer, gp130","volume":"63","author":"Hibi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11349","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.24.11349","article-title":"Critical cytoplasmic region of the interleukin 6 signal transducer gp130 is conserved in the cytokine receptor family","volume":"88","author":"Murakami","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6348","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.16.6348","article-title":"Production of tumor necrosis factor and other cytokines by astrocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or a neurotropic virus","volume":"86","author":"Lieberman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"3546","article-title":"Induction of neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells by B-cell stimulatory factor 2\/interleukin 6","volume":"8","author":"Satoh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-1-575","article-title":"Interleukin-6 stimulates anterior pituitary hormone release in vitro","volume":"125","author":"Spangelo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"161","article-title":"The stimulatory effect of interleukin-6 on corticotrophin-releasing factor and thyrotropin-releasing hormone secretion in vitro","volume":"4","author":"Lyson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog. Neuroendocrinol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-1-37","article-title":"Interleukins-1 and -6 stimulate the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone-41 from rat hypothalamus in vitro via the eicosanoid cyclooxygenase pathway","volume":"128","author":"Navarra","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(88)81305-6","article-title":"Interleukin-6 stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone in conscious, freely-moving rats","volume":"155","author":"Naitoh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.171.5.1773","article-title":"Intracerebroventricular injection of interleukin 1 induces high circulating levels of interleukin 6","volume":"171","author":"Sironi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R798","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1990.258.3.R798","article-title":"Role of interleukin 6 in fever in rats","volume":"258","author":"LeMay","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(92)90018-K","article-title":"Stimulation of interleukin-6 production by corticotropin-releasing factor","volume":"143","author":"Leu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1990.tb08114.x","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and ACTH act synergistically to stimulate the release of corticosterone from adrenal gland cells","volume":"79","author":"Salas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(92)80552-R","article-title":"Up-regulation of the interleukin-6-signal transducing protein (gp130) by interleukin-6 and dexamethasone in HepG2 cells","volume":"297","author":"Schooltink","year":"1992","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.7.2838","article-title":"Glucocorticoid up-regulation of high-affinity interleukin 6 receptors on human epithelial cells","volume":"87","author":"Snyers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1982.tb22124.x","article-title":"The phenomenon of the acute phase response","volume":"389","author":"Kushner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Koj, A. (2019, July 22). The Acute-Phase Response to Injury and Infection. Available online: https:\/\/ci.nii.ac.jp\/naid\/10008639154\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7251","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.20.7251","article-title":"Interferon \u03b22\/B-cell stimulatory factor type 2 shares identity with monocyte-derived hepatocyte-stimulating factor and regulates the major acute phase protein response in liver cells","volume":"84","author":"Gauldie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V74.5.1704.1704","article-title":"Increased plasma levels of interleukin-6 in sepsis","volume":"74","author":"Hack","year":"1989","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.1.333","article-title":"The complex pattern of cytokines in serum from patients with meningococcal septic shock. Association between interleukin 6, interleukin 1, and fatal outcome","volume":"169","author":"Waage","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01729833","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in clinical medicine","volume":"62","author":"Bauer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)52293-6","article-title":"Induction of phospholipase A2 gene expression in human hepatoma cells by mediators of the acute phase response","volume":"266","author":"Crowl","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(91)80460-K","article-title":"Alpha 2-macroglobulin synthesis in interleukin-6-stimulated human neuronal SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells Potential significance for the processing of Alzheimer \u03b2-amyloid precursor protein","volume":"282","author":"Ganter","year":"1991","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7611","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.19.7611","article-title":"Brain interleukin 1 and S-100 immunoreactivity are elevated in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease","volume":"86","author":"Griffin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(91)90032-O","article-title":"Is amyloidogenesis during Alzheimer\u2019s disease due to an IL-1-\/IL-6-mediated \u2018acute phase response\u2019 in the brain?","volume":"12","author":"Vandenabeele","year":"1991","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"55","article-title":"Study of interleukin-6 production in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"49","author":"Cojocaru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rom. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.2.428","article-title":"High concentrations of intrathecal interleukin-6 in human bacterial and nonbacterial meningitis","volume":"166","author":"Chavanet","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(93)90526-F","article-title":"Elevated plasma interleukin-6 levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"126","author":"Miyao","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330313","article-title":"Constitutive production of interleukin-6 and immunologic features in cardiac myxomas","volume":"33","author":"Jourdan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum. Off. J. Am. Coll. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01714900","article-title":"Serum levels of interleukin-6 in multiple myeloma and other hematological disorders: Correlation with disease activity and other prognostic parameters","volume":"62","author":"Nachbaur","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndede, I., Mining, S.K., Patel, K., Wanjala, F.M., Chumba, D., and Tenge, C. (2017). Cytokines associated with Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma in western Kenya. BMC Res. Notes, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2841-0"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116523","article-title":"Interleukin-6 production in posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease","volume":"91","author":"Tosato","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"312","article-title":"Steep elevation of blood interleukin-6 (IL-6) associated only with late stages of cachexia in cancer patients","volume":"15","author":"Iwase","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.1.117","article-title":"Elevated levels of endogenous IL-6 in systemic lupus erythematosus. A putative role in pathogenesis","volume":"147","author":"Deans","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6367","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.16.6367","article-title":"Interleukin 6 is expressed in high levels in psoriatic skin and stimulates proliferation of cultured human keratinocytes","volume":"86","author":"Grossman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24281","article-title":"High serum interleukin-6 level predicts future hepatocellular carcinoma development in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"124","author":"Wong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.24.9035","article-title":"Interleukin 6 enhancement of interleukin 3-dependent proliferation of multipotential hemopoietic progenitors","volume":"84","author":"Ikebuchi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198909000-00028","article-title":"In vitro expansion of the murine pluripotent hemopoietic stem cell population in response to interleukin 3 and interleukin 6. Application to bone marrow transplantation","volume":"48","author":"Okano","year":"1989","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V73.7.1828.1828","article-title":"Interleukin-6 interacts with interleukin-4 and other hematopoietic growth factors to selectively enhance the growth of megakaryocytic, erythroid, myeloid, and multipotential progenitor cells","volume":"73","author":"Rennick","year":"1989","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5953","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.15.5953","article-title":"Human interleukin 6 is a direct promoter of maturation of megakaryocytes in vitro","volume":"86","author":"Ishibashi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114559","article-title":"Stimulation of thrombopoiesis in mice by human recombinant interleukin 6","volume":"85","author":"Hill","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V77.3.461.461","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and its receptor are expressed by human megakaryocytes: In vitro effects on proliferation and endoreplication","volume":"77","author":"Navarro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"4109","article-title":"Autoregulation of interleukin 6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells","volume":"9","author":"Shabo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.165.3.914","article-title":"Identification of the human 26-kDa protein, interferon beta 2 (IFN-beta 2), as a B cell hybridoma\/plasmacytoma growth factor induced by interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor","volume":"165","author":"Opdenakker","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/332083a0","article-title":"Autocrine generation and requirement of BSF-2\/IL-6 for human multiple myelomas","volume":"332","author":"Kawano","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.139.3.813","article-title":"Purification and NH2-terminal sequence of a plasmacytoma growth factor derived from the murine macrophage cell line P388D1","volume":"139","author":"Nordan","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830171004","article-title":"Production of hybridoma growth factor by human monocytes","volume":"17","author":"Aarden","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"310","article-title":"Increase in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor expression in a human multiple myeloma cell line U\u2013266, during long-term in vitro culture and the development of a possible autocrine IL-6 loop","volume":"6","author":"Pettersson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.6.3033-3041.1990","article-title":"Identification of interleukin-6 as an autocrine growth factor for Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B cells","volume":"64","author":"Tosato","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"100","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B cells produce IL-6 as an autocrine growth factor","volume":"70","author":"Yokoi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V74.2.798.798","article-title":"A possible autocrine role for interleukin-6 in two lymphoma cell lines","volume":"74","author":"Yee","year":"1989","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199012203232502","article-title":"Increased incidence of lymphoproliferative disorder after immunosuppression with the monoclonal antibody OKT3 in cardiac-transplant recipients","volume":"323","author":"Swinnen","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198904000-00008","article-title":"Release of tumor necrosis factor, Interleukin-2, and gamma-interferon in serum after injection of OKT3 monoclonal antibody in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"47","author":"Abramowicz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198905253202117","article-title":"Systemic reaction to the anti-T-cell monoclonal antibody OKT3 in relation to serum levels of tumor necrosis factor and interferon-gamma [corrected]","volume":"320","author":"Chatenoud","year":"1989","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330506","article-title":"Elevated levels of interleukin-6 in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system invol vement","volume":"33","author":"Hirohata","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"31","article-title":"Heterogeneity of B cell responsiveness to interleukin 4, interleukin 6 and low molecular weight B cell growth factor in discrete stages of B cell activation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"77","author":"Kitani","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114716","article-title":"Endogenous circulating DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. Occurrence as multimeric complexes bound to histone","volume":"86","author":"Rumore","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(92)90229-H","article-title":"Nucleosomes and DNA bind to specific cell-surface molecules on murine cells and induce cytokine production","volume":"63","author":"Hefeneider","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02591662","article-title":"The critical role of interleukin-6, interleukin-1B and macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the pathogenesis of bone lesions in multiple myeloma","volume":"21","author":"Bataille","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(92)90010-M","article-title":"Interleukin 6 modulates c-sis gene expression in cultured human endothelial cells","volume":"143","author":"Calderon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"445","article-title":"Interleukin-6 stimulates c-myc expression and proliferation of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"20","author":"Nabata","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1631560","article-title":"Negative inotropic effects of cytokines on the heart mediated by nitric oxide","volume":"257","author":"Finkel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.11.1868978","article-title":"Inflammation in the course of early myocardial ischemia","volume":"5","author":"Entman","year":"1991","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2828(92)91042-4","article-title":"Serum interleukin 6 levels become elevated in acute myocardial infarction","volume":"24","author":"Ikeda","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)91183-S","article-title":"Incubation with endotoxin activates the L-arginine pathway in vascular tissue","volume":"171","author":"Fleming","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769009109680","article-title":"Formation of free radicals and nitric oxide derivative of hemoglobin in rats during shock syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Westenberger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.1.228","article-title":"Human B-cell differentiation factor defined by an anti-peptide antibody and its possible role in autoantibody production","volume":"84","author":"Hirano","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(89)90851-6","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and (PTH)-like protein (PLP) stimulate interleukin-6 production by osteogenic cells: A possible role of interleukin-6 in osteoclastogenesis","volume":"162","author":"Bloys","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.10.3297","article-title":"IL-6 is produced by osteoblasts and induces bone resorption","volume":"145","author":"Ishimi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650040422","article-title":"Interleukin-6 is produced by bone and modulated by parathyroid hormone","volume":"4","author":"Feyen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115668","article-title":"17 \u03b2-estradiol inhibits interleukin-6 production by bone marrow-derived stromal cells and osteoblasts in vitro: A potential mechanism for the antiosteoporotic effect of estrogens","volume":"89","author":"Girasole","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1621100","article-title":"Increased osteoclast development after estrogen loss: Mediation by interleukin-6","volume":"257","author":"Jilka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830181122","article-title":"Excessive production of interleukin 6\/B cell stimulatory factor-2 in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"18","author":"Hirano","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780310614","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in synovial fluid and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritides","volume":"31","author":"Houssiau","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.7.2153","article-title":"IL-6\/IFN\u03b2-2 in synovial effusions of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other arthritides. Identification of several isoforms and studies of cellular sources","volume":"143","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"411","article-title":"Correlation of synovial fluid interleukin 6 (IL-6) activities with IgG concentrations in patients with inflammatory joint disease and osteoarthritis","volume":"7","author":"Hermann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.9.3347","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of cytokine gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"144","author":"Firestein","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.175.2.461","article-title":"Search for hepatitis B virus cell receptors reveals binding sites for interleukin 6 on the virus envelope protein","volume":"175","author":"Neurath","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3949","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.12.3949","article-title":"Involvement of IL-6 in mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis","volume":"143","author":"Horii","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1990.193","article-title":"Interleukin 6 is an autocrine growth factor for mesangial cells","volume":"38","author":"Ruef","year":"1990","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12477880","article-title":"Increased IL-6 production by monocytes and keratinocytes in patients with psoriasis","volume":"97","author":"Neuner","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.3.1211","article-title":"Cachectin\/tumor necrosis factor induces cachexia, anemia, and inflammation","volume":"167","author":"Tracey","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"4113","article-title":"Interleukin 6 reduces lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue of mice in vivo and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: A possible role for interleukin 6 in cancer cachexia","volume":"52","author":"Greenberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.41.2.S97","article-title":"Role of cytokines in inducing hyperlipidemia","volume":"41","author":"Feingold","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.11.053","article-title":"Development of a needle shaped microelectrode for electrochemical detection of the sepsis biomarker interleukin-6 (IL-6) in real time","volume":"126","author":"Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.11.176","article-title":"Label-free electrochemical aptasensor based on gold and polypyrrole nanoparticles for interleukin 6 detection","volume":"258","author":"Ciui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.11.029","article-title":"Label-free electronic detection of interleukin-6 using horizontally aligned carbon nanotubes","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.12.107","article-title":"An electrochemical impedance sensor for the label-free ultrasensitive detection of interleukin-6 antigen","volume":"178","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.01.016","article-title":"A competitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of human interleukin-6 based on the electrically heated carbon electrode and silver nanoparticles functionalized labels","volume":"122","author":"Lou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201101210","article-title":"Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle\u2013Hollow Titanium Phosphate Sphere Hybrid as a Label for Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Detection of Human Interleukin-6","volume":"7","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.08.010","article-title":"Sensitive electrochemical immunosensor based on enlarged and surface charged gold nanoparticles mediated electron transfer","volume":"160","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.06.035","article-title":"Electrochemical sensor utilizing ferrocene loaded porous polyelectrolyte nanoparticles as label for the detection of protein biomarker IL-6","volume":"158","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1021\/ac902802b","article-title":"Ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for oral cancer biomarker IL-6 using carbon nanotube forest electrodes and multilabel amplification","volume":"82","author":"Malhotra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1021\/la1033433","article-title":"Dual amplification strategy for the fabrication of highly sensitive interleukin-6 amperometric immunosensor based on poly-dopamine","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CC15383H","article-title":"A supersandwich multienzyme\u2013DNA label based electrochemical immunosensor","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khosravi, F., Loeian, S., and Panchapakesan, B. (2017). Ultrasensitive label-free sensing of IL-6 based on PASE functionalized carbon nanotube micro-arrays with RNA-aptamers as molecular recognition elements. Biosensors, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios7020017"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315485111","article-title":"On the origin of enhanced sensitivity in nanoscale FET-based biosensors","volume":"111","author":"Shoorideh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)80554-1","article-title":"Possibilities and limitations of direct detection of protein charges by means of an immunological field-effect transistor","volume":"238","author":"Schasfoort","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6445","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TC00755K","article-title":"Electrochemical processes and mechanistic aspects of field-effect sensors for biomolecules","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Israelachvili, J.N. (2011). Intermolecular and Surface Forces, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2779930","article-title":"Screening model for nanowire surface-charge sensors in liquid","volume":"91","author":"Mortensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16711","DOI":"10.1021\/jp204498e","article-title":"Accurate simulations of electric double layer capacitance of ultramicroelectrodes","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17585","DOI":"10.1021\/jp906404h","article-title":"Diffuse double layer at nanoelectrodes","volume":"113","author":"Dickinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00608","article-title":"Nano-bioelectronics","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2015.2396996","article-title":"Surface functionalization of ion-sensitive floating-gate field-effect transistors with organic electronics","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2008.06.004","article-title":"Device characteristics of polymer dual-gate field-effect transistors","volume":"9","author":"Maddalena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b00133","article-title":"General strategy for biodetection in high ionic strength solutions using transistor-based nanoelectronic sensors","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.07.010","article-title":"Detection principles of biological and chemical FET sensors","volume":"98","author":"Kaisti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.08.033","article-title":"Development of a reliable microelectrode dissolved oxygen sensor","volume":"123","author":"Sosna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2015.2399106","article-title":"Development and optimization of durable microelectrodes for quantitative electroanalysis in molten salt","volume":"24","author":"Blair","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrigan, D., Vezza, V., Schulze, H., Bachmann, T., Mount, A., Walton, A., and Terry, J. (2018). A microelectrode array with reproducible performance shows loss of consistency following functionalization with a self-assembled 6-mercapto-1-hexanol layer. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061891"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AN90048A","article-title":"Impedimetric measurement of DNA\u2013DNA hybridisation using microelectrodes with different radii for detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRS\/A)","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-1970-7","article-title":"The use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for biosensing","volume":"391","author":"Lisdat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.11.004","article-title":"Development of immunosensors for direct detection of three wound infection biomarkers at point of care using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy","volume":"31","author":"Ciani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7593","DOI":"10.1039\/c2nr32146g","article-title":"A graphene-based electrochemical competitive immunosensor for the sensitive detection of okadaic acid in shellfish","volume":"4","author":"Eissa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.07.075","article-title":"Amperometric IFN-\u03b3 immunosensors with commercially fabricated PCB sensing electrodes","volume":"86","author":"Moschou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.11.067","article-title":"Development of stable and reproducible biosensors based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy: Three-electrode versus two-electrode setup","volume":"55","author":"Ianeselli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molazemhosseini, A., Magagnin, L., Vena, P., and Liu, C.C. (2016). Single-use disposable electrochemical label-free immunosensor for detection of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071024"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10203","DOI":"10.3390\/s140610203","article-title":"Application of an electrochemical immunosensor with a MWCNT\/PDAA modified electrode for detection of serum trypsin","volume":"14","author":"Yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.10.003","article-title":"Biochip point-of-care device for sepsis diagnostics","volume":"192","author":"Kemmler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11142","DOI":"10.1021\/jp902069s","article-title":"A label-free photoelectrochemical immunosensor based on water-soluble CdS quantum dots","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2015.09.018","article-title":"Magnetic colorimetric immunoassay for human interleukin-6 based on the oxidase activity of ceria spheres","volume":"492","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.03.011","article-title":"A new signal amplification strategy of photoelectrochemical immunoassay for highly sensitive interleukin-6 detection based on TiO2\/CdS\/CdSe dual co-sensitized structure","volume":"59","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.11.023","article-title":"Robust immunosensing system based on biotin-streptavidin coupling for spatially localized femtogram\/ mL\u22121 level detection of interleukin-6","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22032","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b06917","article-title":"Polydopamine thin films as protein linker layer for sensitive detection of interleukin-6 by surface plasmon enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy","volume":"8","author":"Toma","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8210","DOI":"10.1021\/am402328t","article-title":"Aqueous synthesis of color-tunable CuInS2\/ZnS nanocrystals for the detection of human interleukin 6","volume":"5","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2009.01.046","article-title":"Highly specific detection of interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein using combination tapered fiber-optic biosensor dip-probe","volume":"24","author":"Kapoor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.3390\/s120201494","article-title":"Miniaturized protein microarray with internal calibration as point-of-care device for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis","volume":"12","author":"Buchegger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2007.11.007","article-title":"Biomolecules\/gold nanowires-doped sol\u2013gel film for label-free electrochemical immunoassay of testosterone","volume":"70","author":"Liang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10868","DOI":"10.1021\/la402425n","article-title":"Fabrication of DNA microarrays on polydopamine-modified gold thin films for SPR imaging measurements","volume":"29","author":"Wood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.06.080","article-title":"A polydopamine-modified optical fiber SPR biosensor using electroless-plated gold films for immunoassays","volume":"74","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4916","DOI":"10.1039\/c1nr10969c","article-title":"Polydopamine: A nature-inspired polymer coating for biomedical science","volume":"3","author":"Lynge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9991","DOI":"10.1021\/ac4022743","article-title":"Electrodeposition of polydopamine thin films for DNA patterning and microarrays","volume":"85","author":"Loget","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3233(08)60411-8","article-title":"Avidin","volume":"Volume 29","author":"Green","year":"1975","journal-title":"Advances in Protein Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200410070","article-title":"The biotin-streptavidin interaction can be reversibly broken using water at elevated temperatures","volume":"26","author":"Holmberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-3862(99)00034-0","article-title":"Avidin and streptavidin in clinical diagnostics","volume":"16","author":"Schetters","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/37.5.625","article-title":"The biotin-(strept) avidin system: Principles and applications in biotechnology","volume":"37","author":"Diamandis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5232-z","article-title":"Streptavidin\u2013biotin technology: Improvements and innovations in chemical and biological applications","volume":"97","author":"Dundas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1021\/ja043752s","article-title":"Spectroscopic evidence for the supply of reactive oxygen during CO oxidation catalyzed by gold supported on nanocrystalline CeO2","volume":"127","author":"Guzman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200805279","article-title":"Oxidase-like activity of polymer-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles","volume":"48","author":"Asati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4422","DOI":"10.1039\/b919677n","article-title":"Redox-active radical scavenging nanomaterials","volume":"39","author":"Karakoti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1070\/RC2009v078n09ABEH004058","article-title":"Structure-sensitive properties and biomedical applications of nanodispersed cerium dioxide","volume":"78","author":"Ivanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1039\/c0nr00875c","article-title":"Pharmacological potential of cerium oxide nanoparticles","volume":"3","author":"Celardo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1021\/ac102826k","article-title":"pH-tunable oxidase-like activity of cerium oxide nanoparticles achieving sensitive fluorigenic detection of cancer biomarkers at neutral pH","volume":"83","author":"Asati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8188","DOI":"10.1021\/ic100795p","article-title":"Catalytically stable and active CeO2 mesoporous spheres","volume":"49","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1021\/ja909490r","article-title":"Near-infrared photoluminescent Ag2S quantum dots from a single source precursor","volume":"132","author":"Du","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1021\/ja2089553","article-title":"Ultrasmall near-infrared Ag2Se quantum dots with tunable fluorescence for in vivo imaging","volume":"134","author":"Gu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1340","article-title":"Renal clearance of quantum dots","volume":"25","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1039\/C2CC37529J","article-title":"Cadmium-free quantum dots as time-gated bioimaging probes in highly-autofluorescent human breast cancer cells","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5691","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9005767","article-title":"Formation of high-quality I- III- VI semiconductor nanocrystals by tuning relative reactivity of cationic precursors","volume":"131","author":"Xie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm03194a","article-title":"CuInS2\/ZnS core\/shell quantum dots by cation exchange and their blue-shifted photoluminescence","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8989","DOI":"10.1021\/jp994365l","article-title":"Comparison of dye-sensitized rutile-and anatase-based TiO2 solar cells","volume":"104","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4146","DOI":"10.1021\/ja058540p","article-title":"High molar extinction coefficient heteroleptic ruthenium complexes for thin film dye-sensitized solar cells","volume":"128","author":"Kuang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200800940","article-title":"Highly efficient quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell based on co-sensitization of CdS\/CdSe","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-013-9660-5","article-title":"Plasmon-enhanced fluorescence biosensors: A review","volume":"9","author":"Bauch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-062011-143208","article-title":"Surface plasmon\u2013coupled emission: What can directional fluorescence bring to the analytical sciences?","volume":"5","author":"Cao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9625","DOI":"10.1021\/ac901662e","article-title":"Prostate specific antigen biosensor based on long range surface plasmon-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy and dextran hydrogel binding matrix","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7757(99)00550-6","article-title":"Surface-plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy","volume":"171","author":"Liebermann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1641","article-title":"Single-molecule enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detects serum proteins at subfemtomolar concentrations","volume":"28","author":"Rissin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2011.07.015","article-title":"Single molecule measurements of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 and interleukin-6 in the plasma of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"372","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.02.004","article-title":"Detection of trophic factor activated signaling molecules in cells by a compact fiber-optic sensor","volume":"20","author":"Kapoor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/3\/646\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:08:26Z","timestamp":1760364506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/3\/646"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]]},"references-count":176,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s20030646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20030646","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]]}}}