{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T05:29:41Z","timestamp":1769059781286,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11674075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11674075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61701133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61701133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we design a small-sized bi-cone acoustic vector-sensor array (BCAVSA) and propose a frequency invariant beamforming method for the BCAVSA, inspired by the Ormia ochracea\u2019s coupling ears and harmonic nesting. First, we design a BCAVSA using several sets of cylindrical acoustic vector-sensor arrays (AVSAs), which are used as a guide to construct the constant beamwidth beamformer. Due to the mechanical coupling system of the Ormia ochracea\u2019s two ears, the phase and amplitude differences of acoustic signals at the bilateral tympanal membranes are magnified. To obtain a virtual BCAVSA with larger interelement distances, we then extend the coupling magnified system into the BCAVSA by deriving the expression of the coupling magnified matrix for the BCAVSA and providing the selecting method of coupled parameters for fitting the underwater signal frequency. Finally, the frequency invariant beamforming method is developed to acquire the constant beamwidth pattern in the three-dimensional plane by deriving several sets of the frequency weighted coefficients for the different cylindrical AVSAs. Simulation results show that this method achieves a narrower mainlobe width compared to the original BCAVSA. This method has lower sidelobes and a narrower mainlobe width compared to the coupling magnified bi-cone pressure sensor array.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T11:01:00Z","timestamp":1579863660000},"page":"661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Frequency Invariant Beamforming for a Small-Sized Bi-Cone Acoustic Vector\u2013Sensor Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Erzheng","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5650-2155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenyang","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Desen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Zhongrui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1981.12186","article-title":"Digital signal processing for sonar","volume":"69","author":"Knight","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. 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