{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T09:25:58Z","timestamp":1775121958060,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mobility across people with a large range of age was evaluated, for the first time, by using an instrumented timed up and go test (iTUG) based on signals acquired by a single wearable inertial sensor. Eighty healthy participants, from childhood to old age, performed the test, covering walking distances of 3 m and 7 m. Total time, temporal, and velocity parameters of linear and turning subcomponents of the test were quantified. While children, adults, and senior adults exhibited similar values for all the parameters, older adults showed increases in duration and reductions in velocity during the turning phases when compared with the other groups. an increase in velocity was observed during mid turning when the test was performed along the longer distance. Similarity across children, adults, and senior adults indicates that healthy individuals develop the abilities performed in the iTUG early, while the slowing down shown during the turning phases by the older adults may reflect the need to implement adaptive adjustments to face changes of direction. These results emphasize the idea that reducing equipment to a single sensor provides an appropriate quantification when the iTUG is used to investigate a broader age range or different levels of complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T09:37:09Z","timestamp":1580204229000},"page":"719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Age-Related Changes in Mobility Evaluated by the Timed Up and Go Test Instrumented through a Single Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Giulia R.A.","family":"Mangano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuro-Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Residency Program of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9728-3542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria S.","family":"Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuro-Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0180-4695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Casabona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuro-Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Residency Program of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vagnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BTS Bioengineering, 20024 Garbagnate Milanese, Italy"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Cioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuro-Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Residency Program of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1986.tb05480.x","article-title":"Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients","volume":"34","author":"Tinetti","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0000000000000068","article-title":"Test-Retest Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change for the 10-Meter Walk Test in Older Adults With Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Lang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2017.04.002","article-title":"The Short Physical Performance Battery","volume":"64","author":"Treacy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90465-6","article-title":"Simple method for measurement of lower extremity muscle strength","volume":"78","author":"Csuka","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc.41.6.304","article-title":"Measuring balance in the elderly: Preliminary development of an instrument","volume":"41","author":"Berg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physiother. Can."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00035-3","article-title":"The biomechanics and motor control of gait in Parkinson disease","volume":"16","author":"Morris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2003","article-title":"Responsiveness to sensory cues using the Timed Up and Go test in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A prospective cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Cioni","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr2103-197","article-title":"Clinimetric properties of the Timed Up and Go Test for Patients With Stroke: A Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Hafsteinsdottir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Top Stroke Reabil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.358","article-title":"Clinical relevance using timed walk tests and \u2018timed up and go\u2019 testing in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Nilsagard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiother. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12428","article-title":"Effect of muscle weakness distribution on balance in neuromuscular disease","volume":"57","author":"Kaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308316474","article-title":"Psychometric properties of functional balance assessment in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"22","author":"Gan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural. Repair."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000301","article-title":"Reliability and Responsiveness of the Timed Up and Go Test in Children With Cerebral Palsy","volume":"28","author":"Carey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/10.3.147","article-title":"Studies of gait and mobility in the elderly","volume":"10","author":"Imms","year":"1981","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/80.12.1174","article-title":"Turning difficulty characteristics of adults aged 65 years or older","volume":"80","author":"Thigpen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1519\/00139143-200831020-00004","article-title":"Normative data and determinants for the timed \"up and go\" test in a population-based sample of elderly individuals without gait disturbances","volume":"31","author":"Pondal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2083659","article-title":"Quantitative falls risk assessment using the timed up and go test","volume":"57","author":"Greene","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/00001577-199801030-00003","article-title":"Assessment of Anthropometric Factors on Balance Tests in Children","volume":"10","author":"Habib","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00001577-199901120-00004","article-title":"Assessment of Balance Abilities in Pakistani Children: A Cultural Perspective","volume":"11","author":"Habib","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-05822013000300016","article-title":"Timed \"Up & Go\" test in children and adolescents","volume":"31","author":"Donadio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vervoort, D., Vuillerme, N., Kosse, N., Hortob\u00e1gyi, T., and Lamoth, C.J. (2016). Multivariate Analyses and Classification of Inertial Sensor Data to Identify Aging Effects on the Timed-Up-and-Go Test. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155984"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2013.07.007","article-title":"Towards measurement of the Healthy Ageing Phenotype in lifestyle-based intervention studies","volume":"76","author":"Lara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.173740","article-title":"The instrumented timed up and go test: Potential outcome measure for disease modifying therapies in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"81","author":"Zampieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonnyaud, C., Pradon, D., Vuillerme, N., Bensmail, D., and Roche, N. (2015). Spatiotemporal and Kinematic Parameters Relating to Oriented Gait and Turn Performance in Patients with Chronic Stroke. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129821"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.06.025","article-title":"Transition Between the Timed up and Go Turn to Sit Subtasks: Is Timing Everything?","volume":"17","author":"Weiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2055668317750811","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of falls in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease using inertial sensors and the Timed Up and Go test","volume":"5","author":"Greene","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, M.K., Hidalgo-Araya, M.D., Mummidisetty, C.K., Vallery, H., Ghaffari, R., Rogers, J.A., and Jayaraman, A. (2019). Augmenting Clinical Outcome Measures of Gait and Balance with a Single Inertial Sensor in Age-Ranged Healthy Adults. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204537"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2011.0132","article-title":"Reliability and validity of gait analysis by android-based smartphone","volume":"18","author":"Nishiguchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Telemed. J. E Health."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.06.014","article-title":"A smart device inertial-sensing method for gait analysis","volume":"47","author":"Steins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Medical Research Council (1976). Aids to Examination of the Peripheral Nervous System, The White Rose Press. Available online: https:\/\/mrc.ukri.org\/documents\/pdf\/aids-to-the-examination-of-the-peripheral-nervous-system-mrc-memorandum-no-45-superseding-war-memorandum-no-7\/."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"310","article-title":"Use of wearable inertial sensor in the assessment of Timed-Up-and-Go Test: Influence of device placement on temporal variable estimation","volume":"Volume 192","author":"Negrini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, Proceedings of the Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare, Mobihealth 2016, Milan, Italy, 14\u201316 November 2016"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2015-0035","article-title":"A Multiple Regression Approach to Normalization of Spatiotemporal Gait Features","volume":"32","author":"Wahid","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.11.013","article-title":"Comprehensive non-dimensional normalization of gait data","volume":"44","author":"Pinzone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00014","article-title":"Development and decline of upright gait stability","volume":"6","author":"Iosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Berger, W., Quintern, J., and Dietz, V. (June, January 29). Development of bilateral coordination of stance and gait in children. Posture and Gait. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Postural and Gait Research, Marseille, France."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Pyykko, I., Aalto, H., Hytonen, M., Starck, J., Jantti, P., and Ramsay, H. (June, January 29). Effect of age on postural control. Posture and Gait. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Postural and Gait Research, Marseille, France."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2011.09.002","article-title":"Action and representation of action during childhood and adolescence: A functional approach","volume":"42","author":"Assaiante","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.12.008","article-title":"The kinematics and kinetics of turning: Limb asymmetries associated with walking a circular path","volume":"23","author":"Orendurff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conradsson, D., Paquette, C., and Franz\u00e9n, E. (2018). Medio-lateral stability during walking turns in older adults. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198455"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.02.003","article-title":"Whole-body and segment angular momentum during 90-degree turns","volume":"70","author":"Nolasco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1448-z","article-title":"Age-related modifications in steering behaviour: Effects of base-of-support constraints at the turn point","volume":"190","author":"Paquette","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00532","article-title":"Walking Along Curved Trajectories. Changes With Age and Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Hints to Rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"Godi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.01.015","article-title":"Criterion validity of the instrumented timed up and go test: A partial least square regression study","volume":"61","author":"Caronni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2014.11.002","article-title":"Improvement of anticipatory postural adjustments for balance control: Effect of a single training session","volume":"25","author":"Kanekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00428.2018","article-title":"Anticipatory postural adjustments and spatial organization of motorcortex: Evidence of adaptive compensations in healthy older adults","volume":"120","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3200\/JMBR.36.3.316-326","article-title":"Anticipatory postural adjustments for altering direction during walking","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.04.017","article-title":"Effect of walking velocity on segment coordination during pre-planned turns in healthy older adults","volume":"32","author":"Akram","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.10.034","article-title":"Corner height influences center of mass kinematics and path trajectory during turning","volume":"48","author":"Fino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2018.10.003","article-title":"The interaction between cognition and motor control: A theoretical framework for dual-task interference effects on posture, gait initiation, gait and turning","volume":"48","author":"Bayot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00625-9","article-title":"Eye-head coordination for the steering of locomotion in humans: An anticipatory synergy","volume":"253","author":"Grasso","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-001-0983-7","article-title":"\u201cLook where you\u2019re going!\u201d: Gaze behaviour associated with maintaining and changing the direction of locomotion","volume":"143","author":"Hollands","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63916-5.00008-2","article-title":"Gait adaptability","volume":"159","author":"Weerdesteyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/3\/719\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:20:47Z","timestamp":1760361647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/3\/719"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s20030719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20030719","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]}}}