{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:10:33Z","timestamp":1760173833372,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["Grant No. 2017YFB1201204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 2017YFB1201204"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51508580","U1534206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51508580","U1534206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper focuses on the dynamic responses of a metro train\u2013bridge system under train-braking. Experiments were performed on the elevated Metro Line 21 of Guangzhou (China). A continuous, three-span, rigid-frame bridge (42 m + 65 m + 42 m) and a standard B-type metro train were selected. The acceleration signals were measured at the center-points of the main span and one side-span, and the acceleration signals of the car body and the bogie frame were measured simultaneously. The train\u2013bridge system\u2019s vibration characteristics and any correlations with time and frequency were investigated. The Choi\u2013Williams distribution method and wavelet coherence were introduced to analyze the obtained acceleration signals of the metro train\u2013bridge system. The results showed that the Choi\u2013Williams distribution provided a more explicit understanding of the time\u2013frequency domain. The correlations between different parts of the bridge and the train\u2013bridge system under braking conditions were revealed. The present study provides a series of measured dynamic responses of the metro train\u2013bridge system under train-braking, which could be used as a reference in further investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T10:51:07Z","timestamp":1580295067000},"page":"735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dynamic Responses of a Metro Train-Bridge System under Train-Braking: Field Measurements and Data Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2746-182X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuhui","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for High Speed Railway Construction, Changsha 410075, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Key Technology for Rail Traffic Safety, Changsha 410075, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kehui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenzhi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for High Speed Railway Construction, Changsha 410075, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for High Speed Railway Construction, Changsha 410075, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Metro Corporation, Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.01.036","article-title":"Efficient assessment of 3D train-track-bridge interaction combining multi-time-step method and moving track technique","volume":"183","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2019.04.025","article-title":"A three-dimensional model for train-track-bridge dynamic interactions with hypothesis of wheel-rail rigid contact","volume":"132","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Sig. Process."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/23248378.2013.791497","article-title":"High-speed train-track-bridge dynamic interactions- Part II: Experimental validation and engineering application","volume":"1","author":"Zhai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Rail Transp."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2008.05.002","article-title":"Lateral dynamic interaction analysis of a train\u2013girder\u2013pier system","volume":"318","author":"Xia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/23248378.2014.992819","article-title":"Experimental investigation on vibration behaviour of a CRH train at speed of 350 km\/h","volume":"3","author":"Zhai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Rail Transp."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-016-1762-0","article-title":"Assessment of acceleration responses of a railway bridge using wavelet analysis","volume":"21","author":"Sayed","year":"2017","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civil Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2018.08.079","article-title":"Dynamic responses of bridge-embankment transitions in high speed railway: Field tests and data analyses","volume":"175","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11205","DOI":"10.3390\/s120811205","article-title":"Noise smoothing for structural vibration test signals using an improved wavelet thresholding technique","volume":"12","author":"Yi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15022","DOI":"10.3390\/s140815022","article-title":"Fault detection of a roller-bearing system through the EMD of a wavelet denoised signal","volume":"14","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fusengdes.2013.04.017","article-title":"Time-frequency analysis of nonstationary complex magneto-hydro-dynamics in fusion plasma signals using the Choi-Williams distribution","volume":"88","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fusion Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2012.2203299","article-title":"Reducing trade-off between spatial resolution and frequency accuracy in BOTDR using Cohen\u2019s class signal processing method","volume":"24","author":"Tao","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Photonic Tech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2014.2301791","article-title":"From the STFT to the Wigner distribution","volume":"31","author":"Stankovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/00423114.2012.659742","article-title":"Wagon instability in long trains","volume":"50","author":"Cole","year":"2012","journal-title":"Veh. Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-016-0304-5","article-title":"Investigation of in-train stability and safety assessment for railway vehicles during braking","volume":"30","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"The Bureau of Transportation (2003). General Technical Conditions for Subway Vehicles, Ministry of Railways of the People\u2019s Republic of China. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2015.04.031","article-title":"Time-frequency processing of track irregularities in high-speed train","volume":"66","author":"Ning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/286461","article-title":"Multi-fault feature extraction and diagnosis of gear transmission system using time-frequency analysis and wavelet threshold de-noising based on EMD","volume":"20","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Shock Vibr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2018.08.008","article-title":"Development of a novel knock characteristic detection method for gasoline engines based on wavelet-denoising and EMD decomposition","volume":"117","author":"Bi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2016.01.016","article-title":"Time\u2013frequency analysis of railway bridge response in forced vibration","volume":"76\u201377","author":"Cantero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.106461","article-title":"A novel model based on multi-grained cascade forests with wavelet denoising for indoor occupancy estimation","volume":"167","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, S.S., Liu, Z.G., and Hu, K.T. (2017). Traction Inverter Open Switch Fault Diagnosis Based on Choi\u2013Williams Distribution Spectral Kurtosis and Wavelet-Packet Energy Shannon Entropy. Entropy, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/e19090504"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-11-561-2004","article-title":"Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series","volume":"11","author":"Grinsted","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nonlinear Processes Geophys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003417","article-title":"Influence of the Arctic Oscillation and EI Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on ice conditions in the Baltic Sea: The wavelet approach","volume":"108","author":"Jevrejeva","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1177\/0954409718758502","article-title":"Dynamic analysis of the interactions between a low-to-medium-speed maglev train and a bridge: Field test results of two typical bridges","volume":"232","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rail Rapid Transit."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2019, January 28). Code for Rating Existing Railway Bridges, Available online: http:\/\/www.nra.gov.cn\/jgzf\/flfg\/gfxwj\/fbsj\/2014\/201805\/t20180530_57928.shtml."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2008). Code for Testing of High-speed Electric Multiple Unit on Completion of Construction, Ministry of Railways of the People\u2019s Republic of China."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2019, January 28). Technical Specification for Rail-way Car Safety Monitor and Diagnosis System TB\/T3188-2007, Available online: http:\/\/www.nra.gov.cn\/jgzf\/bzgf\/jsbz\/201505\/t20150513_13487.shtml."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2013). TB10761-2013, Ministry of Railways of the People\u2019s Republic of China."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/3\/735\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:52:53Z","timestamp":1760172773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/3\/735"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s20030735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20030735","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]}}}