{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T15:00:58Z","timestamp":1776351658348,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014132","name":"European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EMPIR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMPIR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we show how miniature step gauges featuring unidirectional and bidirectional lengths can be used to assess the performance of 3D optical scanners as well as the accuracy of novel Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes. A miniature step gauge made of black polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) was used for the performance verification of three different optical scanners: a structured light scanner (SLS), a laser line scanner (LLS), and a photogrammetry-based scanner (PSSRT), having comparable resolutions and working volumes. Results have shown a good agreement between the involved scanners, with errors below 5 \u03bcm and expanded uncertainties below 10 \u03bcm. The step gauge geometry due to the bidirectional lengths, highlights that there is a different interaction between the optical properties of the step gauge under measurement and each optical instrument involved and this aspect has to be considered in the uncertainty budget. The same geometry, due to its great significance in the detection of systematic errors, was used, as a novelty, to evaluate the accuracy of Lithography-based Ceramics Manufacturing (LCM), a proprietary additive manufacturing technology used for the fabrication of medical implants. In particular, two miniature step gauges made of Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP) were produced. Measurements conducted with the SLS scanner were characterized by a negligible error and by an uncertainty of about 5 \u03bcm. Deviations of the manufactured step gauges with respect to the Computer Aided Designed (CAD) model were comprised between \u00b150 \u03bcm, with positive deviations in the order of 100 \u03bcm on vertical sides. Differences in the order of 50 \u03bcm between the two step gauges were registered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T10:51:07Z","timestamp":1580295067000},"page":"738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Use of Miniature Step Gauges to Assess the Performance of 3D Optical Scanners and to Evaluate the Accuracy of a Novel Additive Manufacture Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5551-287X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Guerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"De Chiffre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 425, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7941-389X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulvio","family":"Lavecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2892-7433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi Maria","family":"Galantucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.5194\/jsss-5-325-2016","article-title":"Challenges and trends in manufacturing measurement technology\u2014The \u201cIndustrie 4.0\u201d concept","volume":"83","author":"Imkamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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