{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T17:33:32Z","timestamp":1772213612155,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001797","name":"Curtin University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to develop a wearable sensor system, using machine-learning models, capable of accurately estimating peak ground reaction force (GRF) during ballet jumps in the field. Female dancers (n = 30) performed a series of bilateral and unilateral ballet jumps. Dancers wore six ActiGraph Link wearable sensors (100 Hz). Data were collected simultaneously from two AMTI force platforms and synchronised with the ActiGraph data. Due to sensor hardware malfunctions and synchronisation issues, a multistage approach to model development, using a reduced data set, was taken. Using data from the 14 dancers with complete multi-sensor synchronised data, the best single sensor was determined. Subsequently, the best single sensor model was refined and validated using all available data for that sensor (23 dancers). Root mean square error (RMSE) in body weight (BW) and correlation coefficients (r) were used to assess the GRF profile, and Bland\u2013Altman plots were used to assess model peak GRF accuracy. The model based on sacrum data was the most accurate single sensor model (unilateral landings: RMSE = 0.24 BW, r = 0.95; bilateral landings: RMSE = 0.21 BW, r = 0.98) with the refined model still showing good accuracy (unilateral: RMSE = 0.42 BW, r = 0.80; bilateral: RMSE = 0.39 BW, r = 0.92). Machine-learning models applied to wearable sensor data can provide a field-based system for GRF estimation during ballet jumps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T10:51:07Z","timestamp":1580295067000},"page":"740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["An Exploration of Machine-Learning Estimation of Ground Reaction Force from Wearable Sensor Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Danica","family":"Hendry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Perth WA 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Leadbetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin University, School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Perth WA 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3902-4144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristoffer","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin University, School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Perth WA 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Hopper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts, Edith Cowan University, Perth WA 6050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Perth WA 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Perth WA 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7786-4128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon","family":"Straker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Perth WA 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amity","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Perth WA 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2018.05.005","article-title":"Differences in lower limb biomechanics between ballet dancers and non-dancers during functional landing tasks","volume":"32","author":"Harwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. 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