{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:54:59Z","timestamp":1773158099114,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/27\/B\/ST6\/01989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/27\/B\/ST6\/01989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STRATEGMED2\/269343\/18\/ NCBR\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STRATEGMED2\/269343\/18\/ NCBR\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a serious heart arrhythmia leading to a significant increase of the risk for occurrence of ischemic stroke. Clinically, the AF episode is recognized in an electrocardiogram. However, detection of asymptomatic AF, which requires a long-term monitoring, is more efficient when based on irregularity of beat-to-beat intervals estimated by the heart rate (HR) features. Automated classification of heartbeats into AF and non-AF by means of the Lagrangian Support Vector Machine has been proposed. The classifier input vector consisted of sixteen features, including four coefficients very sensitive to beat-to-beat heart changes, taken from the fetal heart rate analysis in perinatal medicine. Effectiveness of the proposed classifier has been verified on the MIT-BIH Atrial Fibrillation Database. Designing of the LSVM classifier using very large number of feature vectors requires extreme computational efforts. Therefore, an original approach has been proposed to determine a training set of the smallest possible size that still would guarantee a high quality of AF detection. It enables to obtain satisfactory results using only 1.39% of all heartbeats as the training data. Post-processing stage based on aggregation of classified heartbeats into AF episodes has been applied to provide more reliable information on patient risk. Results obtained during the testing phase showed the sensitivity of 98.94%, positive predictive value of 98.39%, and classification accuracy of 98.86%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T05:55:46Z","timestamp":1580450146000},"page":"765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Detection of Atrial Fibrillation Episodes in Long-Term Heart Rhythm Signals Using a Support Vector Machine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4737-2138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Czabanski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cybernetics, Nanotechnology and Data Processing, Silesian University of Technology, PL44100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Horoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2013Institute of Medical Technology and Equipment, PL 41800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2995-2465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janusz","family":"Wrobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2013Institute of Medical Technology and Equipment, PL 41800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Matonia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2013Institute of Medical Technology and Equipment, PL 41800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2054-143X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radek","family":"Martinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VSB\u2013Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kupka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2013Institute of Medical Technology and Equipment, PL 41800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6026-0264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Jezewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cybernetics, Nanotechnology and Data Processing, Silesian University of Technology, PL44100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radana","family":"Kahankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VSB\u2013Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janusz","family":"Jezewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2013Institute of Medical Technology and Equipment, PL 41800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Leski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cybernetics, Nanotechnology and Data Processing, Silesian University of Technology, PL44100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.01.220","article-title":"iPhone ECG application for community screening to detect silent atrial fibrillation: A novel technology to prevent stroke","volume":"165","author":"Lau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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