{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T20:24:01Z","timestamp":1780431841654,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u201cApulian Technology Clusters SMARTPUGLIA 2020\u201d Program - \u201cUCCSM\u201d Project."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u201cApulian Technology Clusters SMARTPUGLIA 2020\u201d Program - \u201cUCCSM\u201d Project."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The efficient management of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems in smart buildings is one of the main applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. In this paper we propose an IoT based architecture for the implementation of Model Predictive Control (MPC) of HVAC systems in real environments. The considered MPC algorithm optimizes on line, in a closed-loop control fashion, both the indoor thermal comfort and the related energy consumption for a single zone environment. Thanks to the proposed IoT based architecture, the sensing, control, and actuating subsystems are all connected to the Internet, and a remote interface with the HVAC control system is guaranteed to end-users. In particular, sensors and actuators communicate with a remote database server and a control unit, which provides the control actions to be actuated in the HVAC system; users can set remotely the control mode and related set-points of the system; while comfort and environmental indices are transferred via the Internet and displayed on the end-users\u2019 interface. The proposed IoT based control architecture is implemented and tested in a campus building at the Polytechnic of Bari (Italy) in a proof of concept perspective. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm is assessed in the real environment evaluating both the thermal comfort results and the energy savings with respect to a classical thermostat regulation approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T11:55:56Z","timestamp":1580471756000},"page":"781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["IoT Based Architecture for Model Predictive Control of HVAC Systems in Smart Buildings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9184-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Carli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7102-4542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graziana","family":"Cavone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Ben Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRIStAL Laboratory UMR 9189, Ecole-Central of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"Dotoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600218CM","article-title":"Efficient energy management for the internet of things in smart cities","volume":"55","author":"Ejaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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