{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:56:44Z","timestamp":1780408604667,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,9]],"date-time":"2020-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004479","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20192BAB216012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20192BAB216012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012259","name":"Major Discipline Academic and Technical Leaders Training Program of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20182BCB22014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20182BCB22014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012259","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201808360327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201808360327"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PDI) and its derivatives exhibit excellent thermal, chemical and optical stability, strong electron affinity, strong visible-light absorption and unique fluorescence on\/off features. The combination of these features makes PDIs ideal molecular frameworks for development in a broad range of sensors for detecting environmental pollutants such as heavy metal ions (e.g., Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Pd2+, etc.), inorganic anions (e.g., F\u2212, ClO4\u2212, PO4\u2212, etc.), as well as poisonous organic compounds such as nitriles, amines, nitroaromatics, benzene homologues, etc. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advance in research and development of PDI-based fluorescent sensors, as well as related colorimetric and multi-mode sensor systems, for environmental detection in aqueous, organic or mixed solutions. The molecular design of PDIs and structural optimization of the sensor system (regarding both sensitivity and selectivity) in response to varying analytes are discussed in detail. At the end, a perspective summary is provided covering both the key challenges and potential solutions for the future development of PDI-based optical sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T11:48:51Z","timestamp":1581335331000},"page":"917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Perylene Diimide-Based Fluorescent and Colorimetric Sensors for Environmental Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute and School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science &amp; Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China"},{"name":"Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zexu","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute and School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science &amp; Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute and School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science &amp; Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4299-0992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13709","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TC04659C","article-title":"Tunable Nanofibril Heterojunctions for Controlling Interfacial Charge Transfer in Chemiresistive Gas Sensors","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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