{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:24:33Z","timestamp":1780395873694,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the current centralized IoT ecosystems, all financial transactions are routed through IoT platform providers. The security and privacy issues are inevitable with an untrusted or compromised IoT platform provider. To address these issues, we propose Hy-Bridge, a hybrid blockchain-based billing and charging framework. In Hy-Bridge, the IoT platform provider plays no proxy role, and IoT users can securely and efficiently share a credit with other users. The trustful end-to-end functionality of blockchain helps us to provide accountability and reliability features in IoT transactions. Furthermore, with the blockchain-distributed consensus, we provide a credit-sharing feature for IoT users in the energy and utility market. To provide this feature, we introduce a local block framework for service management in the credit-sharing group. To preserve the IoT users\u2019 privacy and avoid any information leakage to the main blockchain, an interconnection position, called bridge, is introduced to isolate IoT users\u2019 peer-to-peer transactions and link the main blockchain to its subnetwork blockchain(s) in a hybrid model. To this end, a k-anonymity protection is performed on the bridge. To evaluate the performance of the introduced hybrid blockchain-based billing and charging, we simulated the energy use case scenario using Hy-Bridge. Our simulation results show that Hy-Bridge could protect user privacy with an acceptable level of information loss and CPU and memory usage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T09:25:21Z","timestamp":1581413121000},"page":"928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Hy-Bridge: A Hybrid Blockchain for Privacy-Preserving and Trustful Energy Transactions in Internet-of-Things Platforms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Daghmehchi Firoozjaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ghorbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1605-3866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyoungshick","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 164419, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2157-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JaeSeung","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Security, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IRENA (2019, May 31). 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