{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T01:24:40Z","timestamp":1768872280012,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51709167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51709167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51579143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51579143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61663027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61663027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"undefined  &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray;font-size:10px;&quot;&gt;undefined&lt;\/span&gt;","award":["18040501700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18040501700"]}]},{"name":"undefined  &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray;font-size:10px;&quot;&gt;undefined&lt;\/span&gt;","award":["1829501100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1829501100"]}]},{"name":"undefined  &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray;font-size:10px;&quot;&gt;undefined&lt;\/span&gt;","award":["17595810300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17595810300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maritime surveillance videos provide crucial on-spot kinematic traffic information (traffic volume, ship speeds, headings, etc.) for varied traffic participants (maritime regulation departments, ship crew, ship owners, etc.) which greatly benefits automated maritime situational awareness and maritime safety improvement. Conventional models heavily rely on visual ship features for the purpose of tracking ships from maritime image sequences which may contain arbitrary tracking oscillations. To address this issue, we propose an ensemble ship tracking framework with a multi-view learning algorithm and wavelet filter model. First, the proposed model samples ship candidates with a particle filter following the sequential importance sampling rule. Second, we propose a multi-view learning algorithm to obtain raw ship tracking results in two steps: extracting a group of distinct ship contour relevant features (i.e., Laplacian of Gaussian, local binary pattern, Gabor filter, histogram of oriented gradient, and canny descriptors) and learning high-level intrinsic ship features by jointly exploiting underlying relationships shared by each type of ship contour features. Third, with the help of the wavelet filter, we performed a data quality control procedure to identify abnormal oscillations in the ship positions which were further corrected to generate the final ship tracking results. We demonstrate the proposed ship tracker\u2019s performance on typical maritime traffic scenarios through four maritime surveillance videos.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T09:25:21Z","timestamp":1581413121000},"page":"932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Robust Visual Ship Tracking with an Ensemble Framework via Multi-View Learning and Wavelet Filter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8959-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huixing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3150-3407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huafeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanguo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traffic and Transportation, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0623-8592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengwen","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi, F., Chen, J., Zhuang, Y., Bian, M., and Zhang, Q. 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