{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T05:19:07Z","timestamp":1775107147794,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["No. 2018YFB0504500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2018YFB0504500"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 41971307, 41601360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 41971307, 41601360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2019CFB532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2019CFB532"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wuhan Morning Light Plan of Youth Science and Technology","award":["2017050304010308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017050304010308"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Comprehensive and accurate vegetation monitoring is required in forestry and agricultural applications. The optical remote sensing method could be a solution. However, the traditional light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scans a surface to create point clouds and provide only 3D-state information. Active laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) only measures the photosynthesis and biochemical status of vegetation and lacks information about spatial structures. In this work, we present a new Multi-Wavelength Fluorescence LiDAR (MWFL) system. The system extended the multi-channel fluorescence detection of LIF on the basis of the LiDAR scanning and ranging mechanism. Based on the principle prototype of the MWFL system, we carried out vegetation-monitoring experiments in the laboratory. The results showed that MWFL simultaneously acquires the 3D spatial structure and physiological states for precision vegetation monitoring. Laboratory experiments on interior scenes verified the system\u2019s performance. Fluorescence point cloud classification results were evaluated at four wavelengths and by comparing them with normal vectors, to assess the MWFL system capabilities. The overall classification accuracy and Kappa coefficient increased from 70.7% and 0.17 at the single wavelength to 88.9% and 0.75 at four wavelengths. The overall classification accuracy and Kappa coefficient improved from 76.2% and 0.29 at the normal vectors to 92.5% and 0.84 at the normal vectors with four wavelengths. The study demonstrated that active 3D fluorescence imaging of vegetation based on the MWFL system has a great application potential in the field of remote sensing detection and vegetation monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T09:25:21Z","timestamp":1581413121000},"page":"935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Active 3D Imaging of Vegetation Based on Multi-Wavelength Fluorescence LiDAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xingmin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6361-3005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biwu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuanghui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9975-7983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bowen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab1833","article-title":"Pervasive drought legacies in forest ecosystems and their implications for carbon cycle models","volume":"349","author":"Anderegg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-7799(96)80929-2","article-title":"Strategies for engineering water-stress tolerance in plants","volume":"14","author":"Bohnert","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.02.006","article-title":"Modelling leaf chlorophyll content in broadleaf and needle leaf canopies from ground, CASI, Landsat TM 5 and MERIS reflectance data","volume":"133","author":"Croft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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