{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T23:54:02Z","timestamp":1782345242266,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFA0204600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFA0204600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51802352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51802352"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002822","name":"Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018zzts355."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018zzts355."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002822","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a new metamaterials-based hypersensitized liquid sensor integrating omega-shaped resonator with microstrip transmission line is proposed. Microwave transmission responses to industrial energy-based liquids are investigated intensively from both numerical and experimental point of view. Simulation results concerning three-dimensional electromagnetic fields have shown that the transmission coefficient of the resonator could be monitored by the magnetic coupling between the transmission line and omega resonator. This sensor structure has been examined by methanol\u2013water and ethanol\u2013water mixtures. Moreover, the designed sensor is demonstrated to be very sensitive for identifying clean and waste transformer oils. A linear response characteristic of shifting the resonance frequency upon the increment of chemical contents\/concentrations or changing the oil condition is observed. In addition to the high agreement of transmission coefficients (S21) between simulations and experiments, obvious resonant-frequency shift of transmission spectrum is recognized for typical pure chemical liquids (i.e., PEG 300, isopropyl alcohol, PEG1500, ammonia, and water), giving rise to identify the type and concentration of the chemical liquids. The novelty of the work is to utilize Q factor and minimum value of S21 as sensing agent in the proposed structure, which are seen to be well compatible at different frequencies ranging from 1\u201320 GHz. This metamaterial integrated transmission line-based sensor is considered to be promising candidate for precise detection of fluidics and for applications in the field of medicine and chemistry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T11:45:30Z","timestamp":1581421530000},"page":"943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Novel Metamaterials-Based Hypersensitized Liquid Sensor Integrating Omega-Shaped Resonator with Microstrip Transmission Line"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2808-2867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yadgar","family":"Abdulkarim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China"},{"name":"Physics Department, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4561-3068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianwen","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0923-1959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muharrem","family":"Karaaslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics, Iskenderun Technical University, 31100 Hatay, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olcay","family":"Alt\u0131nta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics, Iskenderun Technical University, 31100 Hatay, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3369-5761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halgurd","family":"Awl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Engineering, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4563-9671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahmi","family":"Muhammadsharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University, Koya 44023, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congwei","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emin","family":"Unal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics, Iskenderun Technical University, 31100 Hatay, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5842-6712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physe.2019.113593","article-title":"Metamaterial absorber sensor design by incorporating swastika shaped resonator to determination of the liquid chemicals depending on electrical characteristics","volume":"114","author":"Abdulkarim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. 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