{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T02:57:16Z","timestamp":1781924236872,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Olfaction can enhance the experience of music, films, computer games and virtual reality applications. However, this area is less explored than other areas such as computer graphics and audio. Most advanced olfactory displays are designed for a specific experiment, they are hard to modify and extend, expensive, and\/or can deliver a very limited number of scents. Additionally, current-generation olfactory displays make no decisions on if and when a scent should be released. This paper proposes a low-cost, easy to build, powerful smart olfactory display, that can release up to 24 different aromas and allow control of the quantity of the released aroma. The display is capable of absorbing back the aroma, in an attempt to clean the air prior to releasing a new aroma. Additionally, the display includes a smart algorithm that will decide when to release certain aromas. The device controller application includes releasing scents based on a timer, text in English subtitles, or input from external software applications. This allows certain applications (such as games) to decide when to release a scent, making it ideal for gaming. The device also supports native connectivity with games developed using a game development asset, developed as part of this project. The project was evaluated by 15 subjects and it was proved to have high accuracy when the scents were released with 1.5 minutes\u2019 delay from each other.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T03:20:03Z","timestamp":1582168803000},"page":"1002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Towards Smart Gaming Olfactory Displays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9967-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Tsaramirsis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michail","family":"Papoutsidakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 104 31 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morched","family":"Derbali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Analyse et Commande Des Systemes, ENIG Unite de recherch\u00e9 Modelisation, 6000 Gabes, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4388-9650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fazal Qudus","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fotis","family":"Michailidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 104 31 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hendrix, C.M., and Barfield, W. (1995, January 11\u201315). Presence in virtual environments as a function of visual and auditory cues. Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium \u201995, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Heilig, M.L. (1962). Sensorama Simulator. (3050870), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-2971-0","article-title":"A reproducible olfactory display for exploring olfaction in immersive media experiences","volume":"75","author":"Howell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakamoto, T. (2013). Human Olfactory Displays and Interfaces: Odor Sensing and Presentation, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-2521-1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Luhaybi, A., Alqurashi, F., Tsaramirsis, G., and Buhari, S.M. (2019). Automatic Association of Scents Based on Visual Content. 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Available online: https:\/\/durian.blender.org\/download\/."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/4\/1002\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:57:27Z","timestamp":1760173047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/4\/1002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s20041002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20041002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]}}}