{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:22:00Z","timestamp":1780510920967,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61975108, 61905138, 61635006 and 61875118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61975108, 61905138, 61635006 and 61875118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Young Oriental Scholar","award":["QD2018009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QD2018009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) breakdown discharge detection system based on improved phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (\u03c6-OTDR) assisted by 3D-printed sensing elements. The sensing element is manufactured by a material with a high Poisson ratio for enhancement of the sensitivity of \u03c6-OTDR to the acoustic emission detection during the breakdown discharge process. In our experiment, seven 3D-printed sensing elements incorporating with optical fibers are attached tightly onto the shell of the GIS, which are monitored by \u03c6-OTDR to localize and detect the acoustic emission signal resulted from the breakdown discharge. Ultimately, thanks to the phase demodulation, acoustic signals induced by the breakdown discharge process can be captured and recovered. Furthermore, the time delay analysis of detected signals acquired by different sensing elements on the GIS breakdown discharge unit is able to distinguish the location of the insulation failure part in the GIS unit. It suggests that the \u03c6-OTDR incorporated with 3D printing technology shows the advantage of robustness in GIS breakdown discharge monitoring and detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T03:20:03Z","timestamp":1582168803000},"page":"1045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["3D Printing Technique-Improved Phase-Sensitive OTDR for Breakdown Discharge Detection of Gas-Insulated Switchgear"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4250-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanhuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, 310 South of Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0040-1774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenhui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, 310 South of Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, 310 South of Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fufei","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolin, P., and Koch, H. 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