{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T06:05:27Z","timestamp":1782713127588,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program through the DEMETER project","award":["contract: 857202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["contract: 857202"]}]},{"name":"the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER\/ERDF) through REUSAGUA project","award":["ref. 2I16SAE00165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ref. 2I16SAE00165"]}]},{"name":"the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through project FEDER 14-20-25 &quot;Impulso a la econom\u00eda circular en la agricultura y la gesti\u00f3n del agua mediante el uso avanzado de nuevas tecnolog\u00edas-iagua&quot;.","award":["FEDER 14-20-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER 14-20-25"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The continuous evolution of the agricultural sector justifies the incorporation and adaptation of the latest technologies. Nowadays, managing crops is possible through Internet-based technologies. Their application allows for the exploitation of information and the development of isolated applications, which, although powerful, create challenges for obtaining scalable predictions throughout the useful life of farms. To address this problem, a data model was defined to improve the management of crop plots in irrigation communities and simultaneously monitor crop needs. Consequently, the objective of this study was to create an open and interoperable platform based on standard interfaces and protocols to enable the integration of heterogeneous sources of information, while ensuring interoperability with other third-party solutions for exchanging and exploiting such information. Standard and open interfaces and protocols form the basis of the platform, thereby unifying all information in a single data model, which facilitates the better use and dissemination of information. The system was fully instantiated in a real prototype in an irrigation community; the software improved water irrigation management for the farmers connected to the platform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T10:49:16Z","timestamp":1582282156000},"page":"1153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Digital Transformation of Agriculture through the Use of an Interoperable Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7930-6680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Antonio","family":"L\u00f3pez-Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Computer Science Faculty, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8270-9942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Antonio","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odin Solutions S.L, Pol\u00edgono Industrial Oeste C\/Per\u00fa, 5, 3\u00b0, Oficina 12, 30820 Alcantarilla (Murcia), Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5525-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio F.","family":"Skarmeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Computer Science Faculty, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.05.010","article-title":"The Internet of Things: A survey","volume":"54","author":"Atzori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavis, M.J. (2014). Architecting the Cloud: Design Decisions for Cloud Computing Service Models (SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS), Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118691779"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2012.2196249","article-title":"Using high-resolution airborne and satellite imagery to assess crop growth and yield variability for precision agriculture","volume":"101","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.12.039","article-title":"Evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) and its significant impact in the field of Precision Agriculture","volume":"157","author":"Khanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"456","article-title":"Transition towards sustainability in agriculture and food systems: Role of information and communication technologies","volume":"5","author":"Allahyari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Agric."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"FIWARE Foundation, e.V. (2019, June 24). FIWARE Open Source Platform for the Smart Digital Future. Available online: http:\/\/www.fiware.org\/."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"ETSI (2019, August 28). Context Information Management (CIM); NGSI-LD API. Available online: https:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_gs\/CIM\/001_099\/009\/01.01.01_60\/gs_CIM009v010101p.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanza, J., Sanchez, L., Gomez, D., Elsaleh, T., Steinke, R., and Cirillo, F. (2016). A proof-of-concept for semantically interoperable federation of IoT experimentation facilities. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071006"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(12)60063-X","article-title":"Ontology Engineering and Knowledge Services for Agriculture Domain","volume":"11","author":"Kawtrakul","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2019, October 23). INSPIRE Data Models. Available online: https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/Data-Models\/Data-Specifications\/2892\/."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drury, B., Fernandes, R., Moura, M.F., and Lopes, A.A. (2019). A survey of semantic web technology for agriculture. Inf. Process. Agric., 6.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inpa.2019.02.001"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2019, September 23). ETSI GS CIM 004\u2014V1.1.1\u2014Context Information Management (CIM); Application Programming Interface (API). Available online: https:\/\/portal.etsi.org\/TB\/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, R., Fernandez, D.G., Elsaleh, T., Gyrard, A., Lanza, J., Sanchez, L., Georgantas, N., and Issarny, V. (2016, January 12\u201314). Unified IoT ontology to enable interoperability and federation of testbeds. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 3rd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT 2016), Reston, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2016.7845470"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagowah, S.D., Ben Sta, H., and Gobin-Rahimbux, B. (2018, January 1\u20132). An Overview of Semantic Interoperability Ontologies and Frameworks for IoT. Proceedings of the 2018 Sixth International Conference on Enterprise Systems (ES), Limassol, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/ES.2018.00020"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"ETSI (2019, October 01). SmartM2M; Extension to SAREF; Part 6: Smart Agriculture and Food Chain Domain. Available online: https:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_ts\/103400_103499\/10341006\/01.01.01_60\/ts_10341006v010101p.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robles, T., Alcarria, R., Martin, D., Morales, A., Navarro, M., Calero, R., Iglesias, S., and Lopez, M. (2014, January 13\u201316). An internet of things-based model for smart water management. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 28th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, Victoria, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2014.129"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araby, A.A., Abd Elhameed, M.M., Magdy, N.M., Said, L.A., Abdelaal, N., Abd Allah, Y.T., Darweesh, M.S., Fahim, M.A., and Mostafa, H. (2019, January 13\u201315). Smart IoT Monitoring System for Agriculture with Predictive Analysis. Proceedings of the 2019 8th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST 2019), Thessaloniki, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/MOCAST.2019.8741794"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trilles, S., Torres-Sospedra, J., Belmonte, \u00d3., Zarazaga-Soria, F.J., Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e9rez, A., and Huerta, J. (2019). Development of an open sensorized platform in a smart agriculture context: A vineyard support system for monitoring mildew disease. Sustain. Comput. Inform. Syst.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suscom.2019.01.011"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rango, F., Potrino, G., Tropea, M., Santamaria, A.F., and Palmieri, N. (2017). Simulation, Modeling and Technologies for Drones Coordination Techniques in Precision Agriculture. International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01470-4_5"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossam, M., Kamal, M., Moawad, M., Maher, M., Salah, M., Abady, Y., Hesham, A., and Khattab, A. (2019, January 17\u201319). PLANTAE: An IoT-Based Predictive Platform for Precision Agriculture. Proceedings of the 2018 Proceedings of the Japan-Africa Conference on Electronics, Communications, and Computations (JAC-ECC 2018), Alexandria, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/JEC-ECC.2018.8679571"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhury, S.B., Jain, P., Kallamkuth, S., Ramanath, S., Bhatt, P.V., Sarangi, S., and Srinivasu, P. (2019, January 17\u201321). Precision crop monitoring with affordable iot: Experiences with Okra. Proceedings of the 2019 Global IoT Summit (GIoTS), Aarhus, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1109\/GIOTS.2019.8766417"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2016.10.020","article-title":"A software architecture based on FIWARE cloud for Precision Agriculture","volume":"183","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamienski, C., Soininen, J.P., Taumberger, M., Fernandes, S., Toscano, A., Cinotti, T.S., Filev Maia, R., and Neto, A.T. (2018, January 4\u20137). SWAMP: an IoT-based Smart Water Management Platform for Precision Irrigation in Agriculture. Proceedings of the 2018 Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS), Bilbao, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/GIOTS.2018.8534541"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2018.10.014","article-title":"Smart farming IoT platform based on edge and cloud computing","volume":"177","author":"Santa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2018.2873849","article-title":"Pervasive Agriculture: IoT-Enabled Greenhouse for Plant Growth Control","volume":"17","author":"Somov","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, J.D.C., Rodrigues, J.J., Al-Muhtadi, J., Rab\u00ealo, R.A., and Furtado, V. (2019). Management platforms and protocols for internet of things: A survey. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030676"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2019, September 08). FIWARE Data Models. Available online: https:\/\/fiware-datamodels.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/index.html\/."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gravina, R., Palau, C.E., Manso, M., Liotta, A., and Fortino, G. (2018). Integration, interconnectio and interoperability of IoT systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61300-0"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2019, June 14). FIWARE Architecture\u2014FIWARE Forge Wiki. Available online: https:\/\/forge.fiware.org\/plugins\/mediawiki\/wiki\/fiware\/index.php\/FI-WARE_Architecture."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2019, July 16). Miraflores Irrigation Community. Available online: http:\/\/www.crmiraflores.es\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Odin Solutions (2020, January 04). Design, Development and Implementation of Smart Products and Solutions. Available online: https:\/\/www.odins.es\/."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/4\/1153\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:59:15Z","timestamp":1760173155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/4\/1153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s20041153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20041153","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]}}}