{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T16:31:48Z","timestamp":1782405108168,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]],"date-time":"2020-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005270","name":"Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018NZ0003-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018NZ0003-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spectral imaging is a promising technique for detecting the quality of rice seeds. However, the high cost of the system has limited it to more practical applications. The study was aimed to develop a low-cost narrow band multispectral imaging system for detecting rice false smut (RFS) in rice seeds. Two different cultivars of rice seeds were artificially inoculated with RFS. Results have demonstrated that spectral features at 460, 520, 660, 740, 850, and 940 nm were well linked to the RFS. It achieved an overall accuracy of 98.7% with a false negative rate of 3.2% for Zheliang, and 91.4% with 6.7% for Xiushui, respectively, using the least squares-support vector machine. Moreover, the robustness of the model was validated through transferring the model of Zheliang to Xiushui with the overall accuracy of 90.3% and false negative rate of 7.8%. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the developed system for RFS identification with a low detecting cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T03:33:43Z","timestamp":1582515223000},"page":"1209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development of a Low-Cost Narrow Band Multispectral Imaging System Coupled with Chemometric Analysis for Rapid Detection of Rice False Smut in Rice Seed"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Haiyong","family":"Weng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 310002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 310002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2654-6605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 310002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biyun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 310002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 310002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dapeng","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 310002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renye","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 310002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"491","article-title":"Villosiclava virens gen. nov., comb. nov., teleomorph of Ustilaginoidea virens, the causal agent of rice false smut","volume":"106","author":"Tanaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycotaxon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3059.2012.02629.x","article-title":"Elucidation of the infection process of Ustilaginoidea virens (teleomorph: Villosiclava virens) rice spikelets","volume":"62","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1211","article-title":"Progress in the study of false smut disease in rice","volume":"2","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-012-1456-3","article-title":"Morphological structure of propagules and electrophoretic karyotype analysis of false smut Villosiclava virens in rice","volume":"50","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620020106","article-title":"\u201cLupinosis\u201d-like lesions in mice caused by ustiloxin, produced by Ustilaginoieda virens: A morphological study","volume":"2","author":"Nakamura","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-017-1312-8","article-title":"The role of Ustilaginoidea virens sclerotia in increasing incidence of rice false smut disease in the subtropical zone in China. European","volume":"150","author":"Yong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"214","article-title":"Preliminary analysis of rDNA-IGS of Ustilaginoidea virens isolates from different geographical regions in China","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Phytopathol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2014.07.003","article-title":"Variety identification method of coated maize seeds based on near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics","volume":"63","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.04.044","article-title":"Classification of maize kernels using NIR hyperspectral imaging","volume":"209","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.08.170","article-title":"Single seed near-infrared hyperspectral imaging in determining tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seed quality in association with multivariate data analysis","volume":"237","author":"Shrestha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2008.01.004","article-title":"Non-destructive discrimination of paddy seeds of different storage age based on Vis\/NIR spectroscopy","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.08.036","article-title":"Rapid assessment of corn seed viability using short wave infrared line-scan hyperspectral imaging and chemometrics","volume":"255","author":"Wakholi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.02.015","article-title":"Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system coupled with multivariate methods to predict viability and vigor in muskmelon seeds","volume":"229","author":"Kandpal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2016.05.014","article-title":"Detection of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus-infected watermelon seeds using a near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging system: Application to seeds of the \u201cSambok Honey\u201d cultivar","volume":"148","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2017.01.015","article-title":"Detection of ochratoxin A contamination in stored wheat using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging","volume":"81","author":"Senthilkumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.127696","article-title":"Practicability investigation of using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging to detect rice kernels infected with rice false smut in different conditions","volume":"308","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0434.2008.01428.x","article-title":"Sporulation, Inoculation Methods and Pathogenicity of Ustilaginoidea albicans, the Cause of White Rice False Smut in China","volume":"156","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3849","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4849","article-title":"Specific adaptation of Ustilaginoidea virens in occupying host florets revealed by comparative and functional genomics","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4346","article-title":"Principal component analysis","volume":"14","author":"Lever","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.01.073","article-title":"Application of successive projections algorithm for variable selection to determine organic acids of plum vinegar","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08509-6","article-title":"Hyperspectral Imaging for Predicting the Internal Quality of Kiwifruits Based on Variable Selection Algorithms and Chemometric Models","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018628609742","article-title":"Least squares support vector machine classifiers","volume":"9","author":"Suykens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neural Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2670(96)00142-0","article-title":"Comparison of regularized discriminant analysis linear discriminant analysis and quadratic discriminant analysis applied to NIR data","volume":"329","author":"Wu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s40003-016-0227-5","article-title":"Detection of broken kernels content in bulk wheat samples using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging","volume":"5","author":"Ravikanth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Yu, X., Zhou, L., and He, Y. (2018). Selection of spectral resolution and scanning speed for detecting green jujubes chilling injury based on hyperspectral reflectance imaging. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8040523"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2013.12.005","article-title":"Detection of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) infestation in soybean using soft X-ray and NIR hyperspectral imaging techniques","volume":"57","author":"Chelladurai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-4403-9","article-title":"Spectral-spatial K-Nearest Neighbor approach for hyperspectral image classification","volume":"77","author":"Bo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(01)01281-8","article-title":"Monitoring ethylene content in heterophasic copolymers by near-infrared spectroscopy standardisation of the calibration model","volume":"455","author":"Macho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7439(02)00085-0","article-title":"Transfer of multivariate calibration models: A review","volume":"64","author":"Feudale","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, Z., Chen, J., Zhao, Y., Zhu, S., He, Y., and Zhang, C. (2018). Variety identification of single rice seed using hyperspectral imaging combined with convolutional neural network. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8020212"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/4\/1209\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:00:02Z","timestamp":1760173202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/4\/1209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s20041209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20041209","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]]}}}