{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T19:58:30Z","timestamp":1773518310568,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Seventh Framework Programme","award":["no. 284747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 284747"]}]},{"name":"Fifth Framework Programe","award":["FP5-IST-2000-25044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP5-IST-2000-25044"]}]},{"name":"Fifth Framework Programe","award":["FP5-IST_2000\u201325300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP5-IST_2000\u201325300"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia","award":["TP-06\/0007-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TP-06\/0007-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Toolbox implementation for removal of antipersonnel mines, submunitions and unexploded ordnance (TIRAMISU) Advanced Intelligence Decision Support System is an operational system proposed to Mine Action Centres worldwide for conducting non-technical surveys in humanitarian demining. The system consists of three modules, one of which is the module for data acquisition introduced and described in this study. The module has been designed, produced, improved, used and operationally tested and validated on several platforms (helicopters, remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) and a blimp), with various sensors and acquisition units (Global Positioning System (GPS) and inertial measurement unit) in a variety of combinations for additional data acquisition from deep inside a suspected hazardous area. For the purposes of aerial data acquisition over a suspected hazardous area, the use of multiple sensors such as visible digital cameras and multi-spectral visible, near infrared (VNIR), hyperspectral VNIR and thermal infrared sensors are of benefit, because they display the scene in different ways. Off-the-shelf equipment and software were mostly used, but some specific equipment, such as sensor pods, was developed and also some software solutions for data acquisition and pre-processing (transforming hyperspectral line scanner data into hyperspectral images, and producing hyperspectral cubes). The technical stability and robustness of the module were confirmed by operationally testing and evaluating the systems on the aforementioned platforms and missions in several actual suspected hazardous areas in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, between 2001 and 2015.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T03:21:16Z","timestamp":1582773676000},"page":"1267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The AIDSS Module for Data Acquisition in Crisis Situations and Environmental Protection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9441-0179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrija","family":"Krtali\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Baji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Council, HCR\u2013Centre for Testing, Development and Training, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Ivelja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zagreb University of Applied Sciences, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3989-3630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Racetin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch (1999). Landmine Monitor Report: Toward a Mine-Free World, International Campaign to Ban Landmines."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"IMAS 04.10 (2014). Glossary of Mine Action Terms, Definitions and Abbreviations, United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS). [2nd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.mineactionstandards.org\/fileadmin\/MAS\/documents\/imas-international-standards\/english\/series-04\/IMAS-04-10-Ed2-Am3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/10106040308542263","article-title":"Remote Sensing Based Detection of Minefields","volume":"18","author":"Maathuis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IMAS 08.10 (2003). General Mine Action Assessment, United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS). [2nd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.mineactionstandards.org\/fileadmin\/MAS\/documents\/imas-international-standards\/english\/series-08\/IMAS-08-10-Ed2-Am1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"IMAS 04.20 (2010). Technical Survey, United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS). [2nd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.mineactionstandards.org\/fileadmin\/MAS\/documents\/nmas-national-standards\/sri-lanka\/SLNMAS_04-20_-_Technical_Survey.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Baji\u0107, M., Matic, C., Krtali\u0107, A., Candjar, Z., and Vuletic, D. (2011). Research of the Mine Suspected Area, HCR Centre for Testing, Development and Training Ltd.. Available online: https:\/\/www.ctro.hr\/hr\/publikacije."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Mati\u0107, \u010c., Laura, D., Tur\u0161i\u0107, R., and Krtali\u0107, A. (2014). Analytical Assessment for the Process of Collecting Additional Data on a Suspected Hazardous Area in Humanitarian Demining, CROMAC-CTDT Ltd.. Available online: http:\/\/www.fp7-tiramisu.eu\/sites\/fp7-tiramisu.eu\/files\/publications\/Analytical%20assessment%20for%20the%20process%20of%20collecting%20additional%20data%20on%20a%20suspected%20hazardous%20area%20in%20humanitarian%20demining.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Van Genderen, J., and Maathuis, B. (1999). Pilot Project for Airborne Mine-field Detection in Mozambique (Angola Project), EC-DG8, UK, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Sweden, UK, Portugal, Belgium, Germany, Norway."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Maathuis, B. (2001). Remote Sensing Based Detection of Landmine Suspect Areas and Minefields. Dissertation, International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, Geosciences department, University of Hamburg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yvinec, Y., Milisavljevic, N., Beumier, C., Mahamadou, I., Borghys, D., Shimoni, M., and Lacroix, V. (2017). Chapter 5\u2014Remote Sensing for Non-Technical Survey. Mine Action\u2014The Research Experience of the Royal Military Academy of Belgium, Intech.","DOI":"10.5772\/66691"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5201","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331270803","article-title":"A review of satellite andairborne sensors for remote sensing based detection of minefields and landmines","volume":"25","author":"Maathuis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yvinec, Y. (2005, January 15\u201317). A Validated Method to Help Area Reduction in Mine Action with Remote Sensing Data. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis (ISPA 2005), Zagreb, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPA.2005.195442"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"69","article-title":"The Advanced Intelligence Decision Support System for the Assessment of Mine-suspected Areas","volume":"14","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. ERW Mine Action"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2018.1550351","article-title":"Development of the TIRAMISU Advanced Intelligence Decision Support System","volume":"52","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Eisl, M., and Khalili, M. (2003, January 15\u201318). ARC\u2014Airborne Minefield Area Reduction. Proceedings of the International Conference Requirements and Technologies for the Detection, Removal and Neutralization of Landmines and UXO, Brussels, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Fiedler, T., Baji\u0107, M., Gajski, D., Gold, H., Pavkovi\u0107, N., and Milo\u0161evi\u0107, D.I. (2008). System for Multi-sensor Airborne Reconnaissance and Surveillance in Crisis Situations and Environmental Protection (Final report of Technology project TP-006\/0007-01 (Internal document in Croatian for GF, CTRO, FTTS), Faculty of Geodesy University of Zagreb."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Baji\u0107, M., Krtali\u0107, A., Gold, H., \u010candjar, Z., Vuleti\u0107, D., Ki\u010dinba\u010di, T., Gros, C., Laura, D., Cvetko, T., and Pavkovi\u0107, N. (2009). Deployment of the Decision Support System for Mine Suspected Area Reduction, Final Report (Final Report 2009, V1.0.0\u2014Internal Document for ITF, CTRO, BH MAC), International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Baji\u0107, M., and Krtali\u0107, A.A. (2009). Deployment of the Advanced Intelligence Decision Support System for Mine Suspected Area Reduction in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Final Report 2009, V2.0.0\u2014Internal Document for ITF, CTRO), International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance & Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yvinec, Y., Baudoin, Y., De Cubber, G., Armada, M., Marques, L., Desaulniers, J.-M., Baji\u0107, M., Cepolina, E., and Zoppi, M. (2012, January 11\u201315). TIRAMISU: FP7-Project for an Integrated Toolbox in Humanitarian Demining, Focus on UGV, UAV and Technical Survey. Proceedings of the 6th IARP Workshop on Risky Interventions and Environmental Surveillance (RISE), Warsaw, Poland.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814525534_0001"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"IMAS 08.10 (2009). Non-Technical Survey, United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS). [1st ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.mineactionstandards.org\/fileadmin\/MAS\/documents\/imas-international-standards\/english\/series-08\/IMAS-08.10-Ed.1-Am2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1417","article-title":"A Multi-Sensor System for Airborne Image Capture and Georeferencing","volume":"66","author":"Mostafa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/02757250009532416","article-title":"An airborne multi-angle TIR\/VNIR imaging system","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"68","article-title":"A Surveillance System Using Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Related Technologies","volume":"8","author":"Akihisa","year":"2013","journal-title":"NEC Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6054003","article-title":"Spatial Co-Registration of Ultra-High Resolution Visible, Multispectral and Thermal Images Acquired with a Micro-UAV over Antarctic Moss Beds","volume":"6","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.07.023","article-title":"A Multi-sensor Approach for Fouling Level Assessment in Clean-in-place Processes","volume":"55","author":"Simeone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1049\/ecej:19970602","article-title":"Multisensor data fusion","volume":"9","author":"Varshney","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electron. Commun. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2011.08.001","article-title":"Multisensor data fusion: A review of the state-of-the-art","volume":"14","author":"Khaleghi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5772\/5698","article-title":"Multisensor Data Fusion for Spaceborne and Airborne Reduction of Mine Suspected Areas","volume":"4","author":"Bloch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Waltz, E., and Llinas, J. (1990). Multisensor Data Fusion, Artech House, Inc."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Liggins, M.E., Hall, D.L., and Llinas, J. (2008). Handbook of Multisensor Data Fusion: Theory and Practice, Taylor & Francis Group. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Hacket, M.K., and Mubarak, S. (1990, January 13\u201318). Multi-Sensor Fusion: A Perspective. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Cincinnati, OH, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habib, M.K. (2011, January 27\u201330). Humanitarian Demining: Mine Detection and Sensors. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Gdansk, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIE.2011.5984509"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2166383","article-title":"Multisensor Fusion and Integration: Theories, Applications, and its Perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Lou","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/027836499301200102","article-title":"A Fully Decentralized Multi-Sensor System for Tracking and Surveillance","volume":"12","author":"Rao","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Robot. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802549435","article-title":"A survey of land mine detection technology","volume":"30","author":"Robledo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5772\/5699","article-title":"Humanitarian demining: Reality and the challenge of technology\u2014The state of the arts","volume":"4","author":"Habib","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Santana, P., and Barata, J. (2005, January 19\u201322). Unmanned Helicopters Applied to Humanitarian Demining. Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA 2005), Catania, Italy."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"107","article-title":"Air Drones for Explosive Landmines Detection","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Armada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Book ROBOT2013: First Iberian Robotics Conference, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Advances in Robotics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikulin, A., de Smet, T., Baur, J., Frazer, W., and Abramowitz, J. (2018). Detection and Identification of Remnant PFM-1 \u201cButterfly Mines\u201d with a UAV-Based Thermal-Imaging Protocol. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111672"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Brklja\u010di\u0107, A. (2017, January 25\u201327). Deploying Low Cost, Small Unmanned Aerial Systems in Humanitarian Mine Action. Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium \u201cMINE ACTION 2017\u201d, Biograd, Croatia. Available online: https:\/\/www.ctro.hr\/en\/publications\/category\/34-simpozij-protuminsko-djelovanje-book-of-papers."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"SenseFly (2016). Enhancing Mine Action Operations with High-Resolution UAS Imagery, Case Study, SenseFly. Available online: https:\/\/www.gichd.org\/resources\/publications\/detail\/publication\/enhancing-mine-action-operations-with-high-resolution-uas-imagery\/#.XHj8-KAo_5c."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"77","article-title":"Airborne Hyperspectral Surveillance of the Ship-based Oil Pollution in Croatian Part of the Adriatic Sea","volume":"2","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geod. List"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2018.1552209","article-title":"Visualization of Land Mine Danger, Svilaja Region (Croatia)","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Habib, M.K. (2008). Chapter 3: Mine-Suspected Area Reduction Using Aerial and Satellite Images. Humanitarian Demining: Innovative Solutions and the Challenges of Technology, I-Tech Education and Publishing."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"SMART (2019, January 15). Space and Airborne Mined Area Reduction Tools\u2014SMART, EC IST\u20132000-25044. Available online: http:\/\/www.smart.rma.ac.be."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2018.1444945","article-title":"Planning airborne photogrammetry and remote-sensing missions with modern platforms and sensors","volume":"51","author":"Pepe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"653","article-title":"Indicators of mine presence: Focus on trenches","volume":"3","author":"Lacroixa","year":"2014","journal-title":"South East. Eur. J. Earth Obs. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"525","article-title":"Object-based Image Analysis for Detecting Indicators of Mine Presence\/Absence to Support Suspected Hazardous Area Re-delineation in the Republic of Croatia","volume":"3","author":"Vanhuysse","year":"2014","journal-title":"South East. Eur. J. Earth Obs. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Lacoste, H., and Ouwehand, L. (2004, January 17\u201318). Remote Sensing Minefield Area Reduction: Semantic Knowledge-Based Image Understanding. Proceedings of the ESA-EUSC 2004\u2014Theory and Applications of Knowledge-Driven Image Information Mining with Focus on Earth Observation (ESA SP-553), Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Van Kempen, L., Katartzis, A., Pizurica, V., Cornelis, J., and Sahli, H. (1999, January 1\u20133). Digital Signal\/Image Processing for Mine Detection. Part1: Airborne Approach. Proceedings of the MINE\u201999, Euroconference on Sensor Systems and Signal Processing Techniques Applied to the Detection of Mines and Unexploded Ordnance, Firenze, Italy."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"McFee, J.E., Achal, S., Ivanco, T., and Anger, C. (April, January 28). A Short Wave Infrared Hyperspectral Imager for Landmine Detection. Proceedings of the Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets X, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.12.009","article-title":"A survey of landmine detection using hyperspectral imaging","volume":"124","author":"Makki","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"11","article-title":"Developing a Hyperspectral Non-Technical Survey for Minefields via UAV and Helicopter","volume":"21","author":"Ivelja","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Conv. Weapons Destr."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2019, September 25). Nikon 90D, Key Features. Available online: https:\/\/www.nikonusa.com\/en\/nikon-products\/product-archive\/dslr-cameras\/d90.html."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2019, September 25). Sony \u03b16000, Quicker Autofocus than a DSLR. Available online: https:\/\/www.sony.com\/electronics\/interchangeable-lens-cameras\/ilce-6000-body-kit#product_details_default."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"DuncanTech (2002). MS4000 and MS4100 High-Resolution Digital Color and Multispectral, User Manual, DuncanTech. Available online: http:\/\/prom-sys.com\/pdf\/MS4000_&_4100_manual.PDF."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"FLIR (2008). Photon, User\u2019s Manual, Flir Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/en\/document\/read\/20912667\/photon-320-160-users-manual-flir-systems."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-3407-2015","article-title":"Comparison of ozone retrievals from the Pandora spectrometersystem and Dobson spectrophotometer in Boulder, Colorado","volume":"8","author":"Herman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1021\/ed200776x","article-title":"UV\u2212Visible Spectrometers: Versatile Instruments across the Chemistry Curriculum","volume":"89","author":"Czegan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Spectral Imaging Ltd (2003). ImSpector Imaging Spectrograph User Manual, Version 2.21, Spectral Imaging Ltd."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"PCO AG (2009). PCO Imaging Pixelfly High Performance Digital 12bit CCD Camera System, PCO AG. Available online: https:\/\/www.pco.de\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/db\/products\/datasheet\/pixelfly_20090505.pdf."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"TIRAMISU (2019, September 25). (2012\u20132015): Toolbox Implementation for Removal of Antipersonnel Mines, Submunitions and UXO (European Community\u2019s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7\/2007\u20132013), Collaborative Project\u2014Large-scale Integration Project, FP7-SEC-2011-1, Grant Agreement Number 284747, FP7-SEC 2011-284747). Available online: http:\/\/www.fp7-tiramisu.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Custers, B. (2016). Chapter 2\u2014Drone Technology: Types, Payloads, Applications, Frequency Spectrum Issues and Future Developments. The Future of Drone Use, Asser Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6265-132-6"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.02.013","article-title":"Unmanned aerial systems for photogrammetry and remote sensing: A review","volume":"92","author":"Colomina","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11051","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61111051","article-title":"UAV Flight Experiments Applied to the Remote Sensing of Vegetated Areas","volume":"6","author":"Barrado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.004","article-title":"Remote sensing platforms and sensors: A survey","volume":"115","author":"Toth","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus, K. (2007). Photogrammetry: Geometry from Images and Laser, Scans, Walter de Gruyter. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110892871"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Wolf, P.R., and Dewitt, B.A. (2000). Elements of Photogrammetry, with Applications in GIS, McGraw-Hill. [3th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.75.1.87","article-title":"DEM Generation Using a Digital Large Format Frame Camera","volume":"75","year":"2009","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Mikhail, E., Bethel, J., and McGlone, J. (2001). Introduction to Modern Photogrammetry, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"MITRE (2019, September 25). Image Quality from the Natural Scene (IQM). Available online: http:\/\/www2.mitre.org\/tech\/mtf\/."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Johnson, J. (1958). Analysis of Image Forming Systems, in Image Intensifier Symposium, AD 220160, Warfare Electrical Engineering Department, U.S. Army Research and Development Laboratories, Ft.. Available online: https:\/\/www.cis.rit.edu\/~cnspci\/references\/johnson1958.pdf."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"FAS (1998). National Image Interpretability Rating Scales (NIRS), FAS. Available online: https:\/\/fas.org\/irp\/imint\/niirs.htm."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"FAS (1998). National Image Interpretability Rating Scales (NIRS), Civil NIIRS Reference Guide, FAS. Available online: https:\/\/fas.org\/irp\/imint\/niirs_c\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sjaardema, T.A., Smith, C.S., and Birch, G.C. (2019, September 25). History and Evolution of the Johnson Criteria, SANDIA Report, Approved for Public Release, Available online: https:\/\/prod-ng.sandia.gov\/techlib-noauth\/access-control.cgi\/2015\/156368.pdf.","DOI":"10.2172\/1222446"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.013","article-title":"Supervised vicarious calibration (SVC) of hyperspectral remote-sensing data","volume":"115","author":"Brook","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00194-2","article-title":"Vicarious calibration of airborne hyperspectra sensors in operational environments","volume":"76","author":"Secker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Olui\u0107, M. (2005). Transformation of the Hyperspectral Line Scanner into a Strip Imaging System. Proceedings of Symposium of the European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories, New Strategies for European Remote Sensing, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 25\u201327 May 2004, Millpress."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Schlaepfer, D. (2006). PARametric Geocoding, Orthorectification for Airborne Scanner Data, User Manual Version 2.3, ReSe Applications Schlaepfer and Remote Sensing Laboratories (RSL) of the University of Zurich."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-010-0623-y","article-title":"Geotagging in multimedia and computer vision\u2014A survey","volume":"51","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schl\u00e4pfer, D., Schaepman, E.M., and Itten, I.K. (1998). PARGE: Parametric Geocoding Based on GCP-Calibrated Auxiliary Data, Imaging Spectroscopy IV.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.328114"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Kwon, J.H., Lee, I., and Choi, K. (2011, January 10\u201312). Position and Attitude Determination for UAV-Based GPS, IMU and AT without GCPs. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Multi-Platform\/Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing and Mapping, Xiamen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/M2RSM.2011.5697402"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Cook, S.J., Clarke, L.E., and Nield, J.M. (2015). Section 2.2.2: Structure from Motion (SfM) Photogrammetry. Geomorphological Techniques (Online Edition), British Society for Geomorphology."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2006017","article-title":"Mine action: Status of sensor technology for close-in and remote detection of anti-personnel mines","volume":"5","author":"Acheroy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Near Surf. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Nuzzo, L., Alli, G., Guidi, R., Cortesi, N., Sarri, A., and Manacorda, G. (July, January 30). A New Densely-Sampled Ground Penetrating Radar Array for Landmine Detection. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, Brussels, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Baudoin, Y. (2019, September 25). Available online: http:\/\/www.fp7-tiramisu.eu\/sites\/fp7-tiramisu.eu\/files\/publications\/KN%20Clawar%20Baudoin.pdf."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160ipo\u0161, D., Gleich, D., and Malajner, M. (2019, January 8\u201311). Stepped Frequency and Pulse Based Radars for Landmine Detection. Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium Mine Action 2019, Slano, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWSSIP.2019.8787301"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/5\/1267\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:01:50Z","timestamp":1760173310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/5\/1267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s20051267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20051267","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]}}}