{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T04:27:22Z","timestamp":1782448042441,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reliability and washability are major hurdles facing the e-textile industry nowadays. The main fear behind the product\u2019s rejection is the inability to ensure its projected life span. The durability of e-textiles is based on an approximate lifetime of both the electronics and textiles integrated into the product. A detailed analysis of the wash process and the possibility of predicting product behavior are key factors for new standards implementation. This manuscript is focused on the washability issues of different types of woven, knitted, and embroidered, textile-based ECG electrodes. These electrodes are used without the addition of any ionic gel to the skin to reduce impedance. They were subjected to up to 50 wash cycles with two different types of wash processes, and changes in surface resistance, as well as the quality of ECG waves, were observed To investigate the wash damages in detail, the proposed mechanical (Martindale and Pilling box) and chemical test methods were investigated. The electrodes which increased resistance after washing showed the same trend in the proposed test methods. Copper-based electrodes suffered the most severe damage and increased resistance, as was also visible in an SEM analysis. These proposed test methods can be used to predict robustness behavior without washing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T03:21:16Z","timestamp":1582773676000},"page":"1272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Understanding the Washing Damage to Textile ECG Dry Skin Electrodes, Embroidered and Fabric-Based; set up of Equivalent Laboratory Tests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0949-7039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahood uz","family":"Zaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Arts et Industries Textiles\/G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT\/GEMTEX), 2 All\u00e9e Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"GEMTEX, University of Lille, Cit\u00e9 Scientifique, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5359-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuyuan","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Arts et Industries Textiles\/G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT\/GEMTEX), 2 All\u00e9e Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"GEMTEX, University of Lille, Cit\u00e9 Scientifique, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4363-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Cochrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Arts et Industries Textiles\/G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT\/GEMTEX), 2 All\u00e9e Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"GEMTEX, University of Lille, Cit\u00e9 Scientifique, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0655-1618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladan","family":"Koncar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Arts et Industries Textiles\/G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT\/GEMTEX), 2 All\u00e9e Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"GEMTEX, University of Lille, Cit\u00e9 Scientifique, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.C., Liu, W., Lo, C., and Chen, C.-C. 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