{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T03:02:38Z","timestamp":1778036558327,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]],"date-time":"2020-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrochemical detection systems are very promising for pollution monitoring owing to their easy miniaturization and low cost. For this purpose, we have recently developed a new concept of device based on Electrodes Array for Sampled-Current Voltammetry (EASCV), which is compatible with miniaturization and portability. In this work, to improve the sensitivity of the analytical method, we added a preconcentration step before EASCV analysis, combining sampled-current voltammetry with anodic stripping voltammetry. Lead was chosen as analyte for this probe of concept owing to its high toxicity. The conditions for electrodeposition of lead on gold were optimized by means of under potential deposition. Current intensities 300 times higher than with linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry were obtained, showing the interest in the method. The value of the sampling time directly affected the sensitivity of the sensor given by the slope of the linear calibration curve. The sensor exhibited a limit of detection of 1.16 mg L\u22121, similar to those obtained with linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T03:13:28Z","timestamp":1583205208000},"page":"1327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Coupling of Anodic Stripping Voltammetry with Sampled-Current Voltammetry on an Electrode Array: Application to Lead Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Mazerie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Geneste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"EU (1998). Directive 98\/83\/CE of Council of 3 November 1998 onthe quality of water intended for human consumption. Off. J. Eur. Commun., L330, 32\u201354."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1021\/ac303143x","article-title":"Electrochemical Detection of Arsenic(III) Completely Free from Noble Metal: Fe3O4 Microspheres-Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Composite Showing Better Performance than Gold","volume":"85","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2009.01.024","article-title":"Analytical performances of a flow electrochemical sensor for preconcentration and stripping voltammetry of metal ions","volume":"629","author":"Nasraoui","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2009.10.045","article-title":"Improvement in performance of a flow electrochemical sensor by using carbamoyl-arms polyazamacrocycle for the preconcentration of lead ions onto the electrode","volume":"12","author":"Nasraoui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2009.10.028","article-title":"Flow electroanalytical system based on cyclam-modified graphite felt electrodes for lead detection","volume":"638","author":"Nasraoui","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2015.02.032","article-title":"Influence of the electrografting method on the performances of a flow electrochemical sensor using modified electrodes for trace analysis of copper (II)","volume":"744","author":"Feier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2012.06.063","article-title":"Flow electrochemical analyses of zinc by stripping voltammetry on graphite felt electrode","volume":"98","author":"Feier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2013.02.025","article-title":"Development of a novel flow sensor for copper trace analysis by electrochemical reduction of 4-methoxybenzene diazonium salt","volume":"31","author":"Feier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"205","article-title":"Mercury film electrodes: developments, trends and potentialities for electroanalysis","volume":"128","author":"Economou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(99)00066-5","article-title":"Determination of sub-\u03bcg l-1 concentrations of copper by anodic stripping voltammetry at the gold electrode","volume":"387","author":"Bonfil","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)01074-6","article-title":"Trace determination of mercury by anodic stripping voltammetry at the rotating gold electrode","volume":"424","author":"Bonfil","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.05.028","article-title":"Gold-based screen-printed sensor for detection of trace lead","volume":"114","author":"Laschi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.1140050915","article-title":"Gold ultramicroelectrodes for on-site monitoring of trace lead","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00059a008","article-title":"Mercury-free disposable lead sensors based on potentiometric stripping analysis of gold-coated screen-printed electrodes","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2670(93)80599-G","article-title":"Screen-printed electrodes for stripping measurements of trace mercury","volume":"274","author":"Wang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2014.07.006","article-title":"Disposable sensors for environmental monitoring of lead, cadmium and mercury","volume":"64","author":"Duarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-011-9539-1","article-title":"Lab-on-a-chip sensor for detection of highly electronegative heavy metals by anodic stripping voltammetry","volume":"13","author":"Jothimuthu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(02)00489-0","article-title":"Characteristics of subtractive anodic stripping voltammetry of Pb and Cd at silver and gold electrodes","volume":"464","author":"Bonfil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1515\/REVAC.2000.19.3-4.201","article-title":"Determination of mercury and copper in waste water by anodic-stripping voltammetry at the gold electrode","volume":"19","author":"Bonfil","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(02)00016-8","article-title":"Determination of nanomolar concentrations of lead and cadmium by anodic-stripping voltammetry at the silver electrode","volume":"457","author":"Bonfil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2004.11.014","article-title":"Determination of trace metals by underpotential deposition-stripping voltammetry at solid electrodes","volume":"24","author":"Herzog","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.201700884","article-title":"A General Approach Based on Sampled-Current Voltammetry for Minimizing Electrode Fouling in Electroanalytical Detection","volume":"5","author":"Mazerie","year":"2018","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2012.10.015","article-title":"Sampled voltammetry on an electrode array for the renewal of the electrode surface and the analytical solution during the analysis","volume":"689","author":"Mignard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Mazerie, I. (2016). D\u00e9veloppement de capteurs \u00e9lectrochimiques bas\u00e9s sur de la voltamm\u00e9trie par \u00e9chantillonnage de courant sur r\u00e9seau d\u2019\u00e9lectrodes. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Rennes 1]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(80)80432-3","article-title":"Underpotential deposition of lead on polycrystalline and single-crystal gold surfaces. Part II. Kinetics","volume":"114","author":"Engelsmann","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(80)80431-1","article-title":"Underpotential deposition of lead on polycrystalline and single-crystal gold surfaces. Part I. Thermodynamics","volume":"114","author":"Engelsmann","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(80)80030-1","article-title":"Surface characterization by underpotential deposition: lead on gold surfaces","volume":"113","author":"Hamelin","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(03)00181-5","article-title":"Thermodynamics and kinetics of upd of lead on polycrystalline silver and gold","volume":"552","author":"Bonfil","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60334a008","article-title":"Rotating ring-disk electrode study of the adsorption of lead on gold in 0.5M potassium chloride","volume":"45","author":"Vicente","year":"1973","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1524\/zpch.217.5.547.20461","article-title":"Stripping voltammetry and chronoamperometry of an adsorbed species with repulsive lateral interactions","volume":"217","author":"Koper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Z. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1021\/la00072a003","article-title":"Direct determination of the mass of an underpotentially deposited monolayer of lead on gold","volume":"2","author":"Melroy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1021\/ac50064a004","article-title":"Guidelines for data acquisition and data quality evaluation in environmental chemistry","volume":"52","author":"MacDougall","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-010-0329-x","article-title":"Stripping voltammetric determination of mercury(II) and lead(II) using screen-printed electrodes modified with gold films, and metal ion preconcentration with thiol-modified magnetic particles","volume":"170","author":"Mandil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011). Adverse health effects of heavy metals in children. Children\u2019s Health and the Environment WHO Training Package for the Health Sector World, World Health Organization."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/5\/1327\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:02:50Z","timestamp":1760173370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/5\/1327"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s20051327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20051327","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]]}}}