{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T09:40:35Z","timestamp":1771062035459,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An Ag\/AgCl electrode used as a corrosion sensor in a reinforced concrete structure is considered as having good application prospect. However, its performance under complex conditions, such as dry-wet cycle condition, is not affirmed. In the current study, the performance of Ag\/AgCl as chloride selective electrode in mortar exposed to dry-wet cycle condition was investigated. A simple Ag\/AgCl electrode was prepared and fabricated by electrochemical anodization. These Ag\/AgCl electrodes were embedded into a mortar specimen with temperature sensors, humidity sensors and anode ladder monitoring system (ALS). After 28 d curing time, the upper surface of mortar specimen was wetted (with 5% NaCl solution) and dried regularly. The obtained results indicate that Ag\/AgCl electrode responds to the ingress of chloride ion, sensitively. The chloride ion concentration variation can be reflected by the potential trend. Furthermore, the balance potential of Ag\/AgCl electrodes is influenced by dry-wet cycles. Compared with ALS, it demonstrates that Ag\/AgCl electrodes are more sensitive to chloride. The research provides the key element for the specific application of Ag\/AgCl electrode for corrosion monitoring in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T10:46:08Z","timestamp":1583318768000},"page":"1394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Application of Ag\/AgCl Sensor for Chloride Monitoring of Mortar under Dry-Wet Cycles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Durability &amp; Sustainability Studies, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2613-910X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Durability &amp; Sustainability Studies, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China"}]},{"given":"Kaiyue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Durability &amp; Sustainability Studies, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenxing","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}]},{"given":"Tiejun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Durability &amp; Sustainability Studies, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2009.04.001","article-title":"Development of an embeddable sensor to monitor the corrosion process of new and existing reinforced concrete structures","volume":"23","author":"Farina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.05.018","article-title":"Influence of freeze-thaw cycles on capillary absorption and chloride penetration into concrete","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2014.01.016","article-title":"Influence of outer rust layers on corrosion of carbon steel and weathering steel during wet\u2013dry cycles","volume":"82","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2007.06.060","article-title":"Monitoring of steel corrosion in concrete by electrode arrays and electrical resistance probes","volume":"52","author":"Legat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2010.01.065","article-title":"Neutron imaging of water penetration into cracked steel reinforced concrete","volume":"405","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. B: Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.091","article-title":"Water absorption and chloride diffusivity of concrete under the coupling effect of uniaxial compressive load and freeze-thaw cycles","volume":"209","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.08.827","article-title":"Connecting to Concrete: Wireless Monitoring of Chloride ions in Concrete structures","volume":"120","author":"Abbas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9614(71)80005-8","article-title":"Standard potentials of the silver\/silver chloride electrode from 5 to 45 \u00b0C and the thermodynamic properties of hydrochloric acid in 95 mass per cent isopropanol","volume":"3","author":"Roy","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/maco.200390095","article-title":"Non destructive determination of the free chloride content in cement-based materials","volume":"54","author":"Elsener","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Corros."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2009.05.007","article-title":"Andrade, Examples of reinforcement corrosion monitoring by embedded sensors in concrete structures","volume":"31","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.675-677.537","article-title":"Preparation of Chloride Ion Selective Electrode and its Potential Response to Different Chloride Solutions Representing Concrete Environments","volume":"675","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-009-9955-6","article-title":"A calibration technique for an Ag\/AgCl reference electrode utilizing the relationship between the electrical conductivity and the KCl concentration of the internal electrolyte","volume":"39","author":"Yun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(99)00063-X","article-title":"An integrated three-electrode system with a micromachined liquid-junction Ag\/AgCl reference electrode","volume":"387","author":"Suzuki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1108\/02602281211209400","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of the solid-state Ag\/AgCl reference electrode for RC structures","volume":"32","author":"Qiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.03.164","article-title":"An improved approach for fabricating Ag\/AgCl reference electrodes","volume":"71","author":"Brewer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13258","DOI":"10.3390\/s131013258","article-title":"A new corrosion sensor to determine the start and development of embedded rebar corrosion process at coastal concrete","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pargar, F., Koleva, D.A., and Van Breugel, K. (2017). Determination of Chloride Content in Cementitious Materials: From Fundamental Aspects to Application of Ag\/AgCl Chloride Sensors. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112482"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7187","DOI":"10.1021\/ac070820v","article-title":"New class of Ag\/AgCl electrodes based on hydrophobic ionic liquid saturated with AgCl","volume":"79","author":"Takashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2011.08.089","article-title":"Influence of fabrication procedure on the electrochemical performance of Ag\/AgCl reference electrodes","volume":"56","author":"Stoica","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2005.03.004","article-title":"A quartz sealed Ag\/AgCl reference electrode for CaCl2 based molten salts","volume":"579","author":"Gao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.20964\/2019.01.71","article-title":"New sensor based on AgCl containing Iron Oxide or Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Chloride Determination","volume":"14","author":"Mitar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6469","DOI":"10.3390\/s150306469","article-title":"A solid-state thin-film Ag\/AgCl reference electrode coated with graphene oxide and its use in a pH sensor","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-015-1485-0","article-title":"Investigation on the performance characteristics of chloride selective electrode in concrete","volume":"21","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(96)00104-4","article-title":"Embeddable Ag\/AgCl sensors for in-situ monitoring chloride contents in concrete","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(95)00218-9","article-title":"Monitoring chloride concentrations in hardened cement pastes using ion selective electrodes","volume":"26","author":"Atkins","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Nilsson, L.O., and Ollivier, J.P. (1995). Chloride penetration non-destructive determination of the free chloride content in mortar and concrete. RILEM International Workshop on Chloride Penetration into Concrete, RILEM Publications SARL."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Moreno, M. (1993). Zerst\u00f6rungsfreie Erfassung der gel\u00f6sten Chloride im Beton. [PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.2001.tb01128.x","article-title":"Measurements of chloride activity coefficients in real Portland cement paste pore solutions","volume":"84","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-009-0029-6","article-title":"Potentiometric determination of the chloride ion activity in cement-based materials","volume":"40","author":"Angst","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0517139","article-title":"In situ measurement of Cl-concentrations and pH at the reinforcing steel\/concrete interface by combination sensors","volume":"78","author":"Du","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-018-2083-0","article-title":"Microstructure, surface chemistry and electrochemical response of Ag\/AgCl sensors in alkaline media","volume":"53","author":"Pargar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2006.01.005","article-title":"Multiprobe chloride sensor for in situ monitoring of reinforced concrete structures","volume":"28","author":"Montemor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.131","article-title":"Monitoring chloride ion penetration in concrete with different mineral admixtures based on embedded chloride ion selective electrodes","volume":"143","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.09.010","article-title":"Water and chloride ions migration in porous cementitious materials: An experimental and molecular dynamics investigation","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1680\/jmacr.18.00048","article-title":"Bond behaviour between steel bar and concrete under sustained load and dry-wet cycles","volume":"71","author":"Shang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mag. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117845","article-title":"Influence of the incorporation of recycled coarse aggregate on water absorption and chloride penetration into concrete","volume":"239","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.201400035","article-title":"Chloride ion transport mechanism in concrete due to wetting and drying cycles","volume":"16","author":"Gang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Struct. Concr."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Cao, C. (2016). Preparation and Characterization of AgCl-MnO2 Chloride Sensor. [Master\u2019 Thesis, Qingdao University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2005.09.058","article-title":"Electrochemical studies on the solid embeddable reference sensors for corrosion monitoring in concrete structure","volume":"60","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2009.11.010","article-title":"Determination of the selectivity coefficient of a chloride ion selective electrode in alkaline media simulating the cement paste pore solution","volume":"639","author":"Vera","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"717","article-title":"Studies on the hydrolysis of metal ions. 30. A critical survey of the solubility equilibria of Ag2O","volume":"14","author":"Biedermann","year":"1960","journal-title":"Acta Chim. Sin."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/5\/1394\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:03:57Z","timestamp":1760173437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/5\/1394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s20051394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20051394","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]}}}