{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:41:24Z","timestamp":1762177284431,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the results of the analysis of thermal issues and energy efficiency of three types of accumulators; namely stone-bed; water and phase change. Research experiments were carried out during April\u2013October 2013 in a standard commercial semi-cylindrical high plastic tunnel with tomato cultivation of 150 m2. A stone-bed accumulator; with an area of almost 75 m2 was installed in the tunnel below ground level; while a water accumulator with a volume of 4 m3 was installed outside the tunnel. A phase change material (PCM) accumulator, with a volume of 1 m3 containing paraffin, was located inside the tunnel. The heat storage capacity of the tested accumulators and the energy efficiency of the process were determined based on the analyses of the 392 stone-bed charging and discharging cycles, the 62 water accumulator charging cycles and close to 40 PCM accumulator charging and discharging cycles. Dependencies in the form of easily measurable parameters; have been established to determine the amount of stored heat; as well as the conditions for which the effectiveness of these processes reaches the highest value. The presented analysis falls under the pro-ecological scope of replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy. As a result of the analysis; it was found that; in the case of a stone-bed; such an accumulator shows higher efficiency at lower parameters; that is, temperature difference and solar radiation intensity. In turn; a higher temperature difference and a higher value of solar radiation intensity are required for the water accumulator. The energy storage efficiency of the PCM accumulator is emphatically smaller and not comparable with either the stone-bed or the water accumulator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T07:33:46Z","timestamp":1583480026000},"page":"1417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Comparison of Different Types of Heat Accumulators and Benefits of Their Use in Horticulture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Kurpaska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Production Engineering and Energetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Knaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Production Engineering and Energetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8572-407X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hubert","family":"Lata\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Production Engineering and Energetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1984-6861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Cupia\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Production Engineering and Energetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9896-6089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Konopacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Horticulture, ul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1\/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Ho\u0142ownicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Horticulture, ul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1\/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2019.01.006","article-title":"The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation","volume":"24","author":"Gielen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2019.100402","article-title":"Drivers of renewable energy deployment in the EU: An analysis of past trends and projections","volume":"26","author":"Shivakumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broda, W., Kubo\u0144, M., Malaga-Tobola, U., Kwa\u015bniewski, D., and Cupia\u0142, M. (2019, January 19). Economic and legal aspects of renewable energy production in Poland. 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