{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T11:22:47Z","timestamp":1770895367246,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["721455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["721455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of reliable structural health monitoring techniques is enabling a healthy transition from preventive to condition-based maintenance, hence leading to safer and more efficient operation of different industries. Ultrasonic guided-wave based beamforming is one of the most promising techniques, which supports the monitoring of large thin-walled structures. However, beamforming has been typically applied to the post-processing stage (also known as virtual or receiver beamforming) because transmission or physical beamforming requires complex hardware configurations. This paper introduces an electronic structural health monitoring system that carries out transmission beamforming experiments by simultaneously emitting and receiving ultrasonic guided-waves using several transducers. An empirical characterization of the transmission beamforming technique for monitoring an aluminum plate is provided in this work. The high signal-to-noise ratio and accurate angular precision of the physical signal obtained in the experiments suggest that transmission beamforming can increase the reliability and robustnessof this monitoring technique for large structures and in real-world noisy environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T09:26:41Z","timestamp":1583486801000},"page":"1445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["An Empirical Study on Transmission Beamforming for Ultrasonic Guided-Wave Based Structural Health Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6235-5304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Cantero-Chinchilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Aerospace Technology &amp; The Composites Group, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"},{"name":"Aernnova Engineering Division S.A., 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4429-8932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Aranguren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Design Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Khalid","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Aerospace Technology &amp; The Composites Group, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"},{"name":"Aernnova Engineering Division S.A., 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2375-4564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josu","family":"Etxaniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Design Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Mart\u00edn de la Escalera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aernnova Engineering Division S.A., 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cartz, L. 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