{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:49:12Z","timestamp":1781585352968,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Monash University Institute for Medical engineering (MIME) Funding","award":["2920684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2920684"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A nanomaterial-based electronic-skin (E-Skin) wearable sensor has been successfully used for detecting and measuring body movements such as finger movement and foot pressure. The ultrathin and highly sensitive characteristics of E-Skin sensor make it a suitable alternative for continuously out-of-hospital lumbar\u2013pelvic movement (LPM) monitoring. Monitoring these movements can help medical experts better understand individuals\u2019 low back pain experience. However, there is a lack of prior studies in this research area. Therefore, this paper explores the potential of E-Skin sensors to detect and measure the anatomical angles of lumbar\u2013pelvic movements by building a linear relationship model to compare its performance to clinically validated inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based sensing system (ViMove). Methods: The paper first presents a review and classification of existing wireless sensing technologies for monitoring of body movements, and then it describes a series of experiments performed with E-Skin sensors for detecting five standard LPMs including flexion, extension, pelvic tilt, lateral flexion, and rotation, and measure their anatomical angles. The outputs of both E-Skin and ViMove sensors were recorded during each experiment and further analysed to build the comparative models to evaluate the performance of detecting and measuring LPMs. Results: E-Skin sensor outputs showed a persistently repeating pattern for each movement. Due to the ability to sense minor skin deformation by E-skin sensor, its reaction time in detecting lumbar\u2013pelvic movement is quicker than ViMove by ~1 s. Conclusions: E-Skin sensors offer new capabilities for detecting and measuring lumbar\u2013pelvic movements. They have lower cost compared to commercially available IMU-based systems and their non-invasive highly stretchable characteristic makes them more comfortable for long-term use. These features make them a suitable sensing technology for developing continuous, out-of-hospital real-time monitoring and management systems for individuals with low back pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T11:59:36Z","timestamp":1583841576000},"page":"1510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Electronic Skin Wearable Sensors for Detecting Lumbar\u2013Pelvic Movements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7636-4084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9922-1214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pari Delir","family":"Haghighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8258-0878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frada","family":"Burstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3072-6307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lim Wei","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Cicuttini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","article-title":"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4","article-title":"Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200000167","article-title":"The relationship between leisure time, physical activities and musculoskeletal symptoms and disability in worker populations","volume":"73","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. 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