{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:13:48Z","timestamp":1776089628934,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61572089, 61633005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61572089, 61633005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013223","name":"Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cstc2017jcyjBX0008)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2017jcyjBX0008)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013223","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chongqing Postgraduate Education Reform Project","award":["yjg183018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["yjg183018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to an increasing exponential growth of non-scalar data (e.g., images, videos). Local services are far from satisfying storage requirements, and the cloud computing fails to effectively support heterogeneous distributed IoT environments, such as wireless sensor network. To effectively provide smart privacy protection for video data storage, we take full advantage of three patterns (multi-access edge computing, cloudlets and fog computing) of edge computing to design the hierarchical edge computing architecture, and propose a low-complexity and high-secure scheme based on it. The video is divided into three parts and stored in completely different facilities. Specifically, the most significant bits of key frames are directly stored in local sensor devices while the least significant bits of key frames are encrypted and sent to the semi-trusted cloudlets. The non-key frame is compressed with the two-layer parallel compressive sensing and encrypted by the 2D logistic-skew tent map and then transmitted to the cloud. Simulation experiments and theoretical analysis demonstrate that our proposed scheme can not only provide smart privacy protection for big video data storage based on the hierarchical edge computing, but also avoid increasing additional computation burden and storage pressure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T11:59:36Z","timestamp":1583841576000},"page":"1517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Smart Privacy Protection for Big Video Data Storage Based on Hierarchical Edge Computing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6958-5807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongying","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing (Draft)","volume":"800","author":"Mell","year":"2011","journal-title":"NIST Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2011.940269","article-title":"Multimedia cloud computing","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"135","article-title":"Blockchain-based trusted electronic records preservation in cloud storage","volume":"58","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Mat. Contin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69524","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2917277","article-title":"Air Quality Forecasting Based on Gated Recurrent Long Short Term Memory Model in Internet of Things","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4946","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2897619","article-title":"A Survey on Secure Data Analytics in Edge Computing","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2579198","article-title":"Edge computing: Vision and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Wang, P., Cai, S., Ma, Y., Liu, A., and Xie, M. (2019). A Unified Trustworthy Environment based on Edge Computing in Industrial IoT. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform.","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2955152"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.02.050","article-title":"Edge computing: A survey","volume":"97","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2745201","article-title":"A survey on mobile edge computing: The communication perspective","volume":"19","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"439","article-title":"Efficient Computation Offloading in Mobile Cloud Computing for Video Streaming Over 5G","volume":"61","author":"Jo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Mat. Contin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2015.11.009","article-title":"Cloudlet deployment in local wireless networks: Motivation, architectures, applications, and open challenges","volume":"62","author":"Shaukat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700363","article-title":"Follow me fog: Toward seamless handover timing schemes in a fog computing environment","volume":"55","author":"Bao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, L.W., and Lu, C.S. (2009, January 19\u201324). Distributed compressive video sensing. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2009.4959797"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2017.10.004","article-title":"Medical image encryption using high-speed scrambling and pixel adaptive diffusion","volume":"144","author":"Hua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2017.2693649","article-title":"Demystifying compressive sensing [Lecture notes]","volume":"34","author":"Laue","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2013.2284762","article-title":"Permutation meets parallel compressed sensing: How to relax restricted isometry property for 2D sparse signals","volume":"62","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3733","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2803782","article-title":"PPFA: Privacy preserving fog-enabled aggregation in smart grid","volume":"14","author":"Lyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/TETCI.2017.2764109","article-title":"A three-layer privacy preserving cloud storage scheme based on computational intelligence in fog computing","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. Intell."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1700341","article-title":"Fog-aided verifiable privacy preserving access control for latency-sensitive data sharing in vehicular cloud computing","volume":"32","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, B., Wang, X., Qu, Y., Jin, J., Xiang, Y., and Gao, L. (2019, January 20\u201324). Context-Aware Privacy Preservation in a Hierarchical Fog Computing System. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2019.8761455"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"679","article-title":"A dual-chaining watermark scheme for data integrity protection in Internet of Things","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Mat. Contin."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2019.10.009","article-title":"Edge-based differential privacy computing for sensor\u2013cloud systems","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Bhuiyan, M.Z.A., Wang, G., Qi, L., Wu, J., and Hayajneh, T. (2019). Preserving Balance between Privacy and Data Integrity in Edge-Assisted Internet of Things. IEEE Internet Things J.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2951687"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1510","article-title":"PPNC: Privacy Preserving Scheme for Random Linear Network Coding in Smart Grid","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"KSII Trans. Internet Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2016.12.050","article-title":"An efficient privacy-preserving compressive data gathering scheme in WSNs","volume":"390","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"639","article-title":"Location Data Record Privacy Protection based on Differential Privacy Mechanism","volume":"47","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. Control."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., and Addepalli, S. (2012, January 13\u201316). Fog computing and its role in the internet of things. Proceedings of the First Edition of The MCC Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2342509.2342513"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mobile edge computing\u2014A key technology towards 5G","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"ETSI White Paper"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2009.82","article-title":"The case for vm-based cloudlets in mobile computing","volume":"8","author":"Satyanarayanan","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora-Gimeno, F.J., Mora-Mora, H., Marcos-Jorquera, D., and Volckaert, B. (2018). A secure multi-tier mobile edge computing model for data processing offloading based on degree of trust. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103211"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., and Lee, J. (2018). Hierarchical mobile edge computing architecture based on context awareness. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8071160"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, C., and Wen, W. (2019). Joint optimization for task offloading in edge computing: An evolutionary game approach. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030740"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Kim, D., and Lee, J. (2019). Zone-based multi-access edge computing scheme for user device mobility management. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9112308"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2017.0354","article-title":"Perceptual hash algorithm-based adaptive GOP selection algorithm for distributed compressive video sensing","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Image Process."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2015.2459471","article-title":"Compressed sensing: A simple deterministic measurement matrix and a fast recovery algorithm","volume":"64","author":"Ravelomanantsoa","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Li, C. (2010). An Efficient Algorithm for Total Variation Regularization with Applications to the Single Pixel Camera and Compressive Sensing. [Ph.D. Thesis, Rice University]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/5\/1517\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:05:39Z","timestamp":1760173539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/5\/1517"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s20051517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20051517","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]}}}