{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T13:38:56Z","timestamp":1780925936500,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent results within the framework of the collaborative project The Complete Geophysical Survey of the Valley of the Kings (VOK) (Luxor, Egypt) are reported in this article. In October 2018, a team of geomatics and geophysics researchers coordinated by the Polytechnic University of Turin worked side by side in the VOK. Topographic measurements in support of geophysical surveys and the achievement of a very large-scale 3D map of the Eastern VOK were the two main objectives of the geomatics campaign. Innovative 3D metric technologies and methods, based on terrestrial laser scanning (both static and mobile) and close-range photogrammetry were employed by the Geomatics team. The geophysical campaign focused on the acquisition of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and high spatial density Geomagnetic (GM) data. ERT new data around KV62, both inverted in 2D sections and added to the previous ones to perform a new global 3D inversion, confirm the previous results showing both conductive and resistive anomalies that have to be explained. GPR timeslices showed some interesting features in the area in front of the KV2 entrance where GM gradient map also presents localized anomalies. In the area SSW of the KV2 the GM gradient maps evidenced also a large semicircular anomaly which, up to now, has no explanation. The potentialities of using magnetic techniques as a complement to other non-invasive techniques in the search for structures of archeological significance have been explored. The application of modern and innovative methods of 3D metric survey enabled to achieve a complete 3D mapping of what is currently visible in the valley. The integration of 2D\/3D mapping data concerning visible elements and hypothetical anomalies, together with the recovering in the same global reference system of underground documentation pertaining to the Theban Mapping Project, prefigure the enhancement of multi-temporal site representation. This strategy enables the fruition development of the already discovered archaeological heritage, using modern criteria of valorization and conservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T04:13:57Z","timestamp":1583986437000},"page":"1552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Integrated Geophysics and Geomatics Surveys in the Valley of the Kings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Porcelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic University of Turin, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6955-4816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Sambuelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Infrastructures and Territory Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Comina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Science, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4243-7959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia","family":"Span\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Design, Polytechnic University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5930-2711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Lingua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Infrastructures and Territory Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4524-3693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Calantropio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Design, Polytechnic University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Catanzariti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3DGeoimaging, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4982-5236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filiberto","family":"Chiabrando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Design, Polytechnic University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Fischanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geostudi Astier, 57123 Livorno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Maschio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Infrastructures and Territory Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ellaithy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Design, Polytechnic University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Airoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3DGeoimaging, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"De Ruvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Infrastructures and Territory Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Petzet, M., and Ziesemer, J. (2004). International Charters for Conservation and Restoration, ICOMOS."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Gonz\u00e1lvez, P., Mu\u00f1oz-Nieto, A.L., del Pozo, S., Sanchez-Aparicio, L.J., Gonzalez-Aguilera, D., Micoli, L., Gonizzi Barsanti, S., Guidi, G., Mills, J., and Fieber, K. (2017, January 1\u20133). 4D reconstruction and visualization of cultural heritage: Analyzing our legacy through time. Proceedings of the International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences\u2014ISPRS Archives, Nafplio, Greece.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W3-609-2017"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Sambuelli, L., Elia, D., Meirano, V., and Colombero, C. (2014, January 25\u201327). Case history: A magnetic and GPR prospection on a Roman rural villa in western Piedmont (Italy). Proceedings of the Tema 3: Geofisica Applicata, Bologna, Italy."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arato, A., Garofalo, F., Sammartano, G., and Span\u00f2, A. (2016, January 26\u201327). Gathering GPR inspections and UAV survey in Cultural Heritage documentation context. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.5220\/0005917300850091"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Carter, H., and Mace, A.C. (1923). The Tomb of Tut*Ankh*Amen, Cassell and Company Ltd."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Reeves, N. (2019, December 27). The Burial of Neferiti? A publication of the Amarna Royal Tomb Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.factum-arte.com\/resources\/files\/ff\/publications_PDF\/The_Burial_of_Nefertiti_2015.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2019, December 27). Factum Arte. Available online: http:\/\/www.highres.factum-arte.org\/Tutankhamun\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"El-Aref, N. (2015). Discovery of the Century?. Al-Ahram Weekly, Al-Ahram Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Michaelson, R., and Walker, P. (2019, December 27). Tutankhamun\u2019s secret?. Available online: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2016\/mar\/17\/hidden-rooms-tutankhamun-tomb-new-treasures-queen-nefertiti."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Hiebert, F. (2016). Private Communication, National Geographic Society."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2019.04.001","article-title":"The third KV62 radar scan: Searching for hidden chambers adjacent to Tutankhamun\u2019s tomb","volume":"39","author":"Sambuelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hawass, Z., and Ikram, S. (2010). Preliminary report of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) excavation in the Valley of the Kings (2007\u20132008), Thebes and Beyond: Studies in Honour of Kent B. Weeks."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"33","article-title":"La Mappatura Geofisica Completa della Vale dei Re: Risultati preliminari del primo anno di attivit\u00e0 (2016\u20132017)","volume":"Volume VII","author":"Porcelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"RISE VII, Ricerche Italiane e Scavi in Egitto"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Weeks, K.R. (1984). Mapping Egypt\u2019s Valley of the Kings: High tech archaeology. Spirit of Enterprise: The 1984 Rolex Awards, Aurum Press."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Weeks, K.R. (2004). Atlas of the Valley of the Kings: The Theban Mapping Project, Study Edition, American University in Cairo Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weeks, K.R., and Hetherington, N.J. (2014). The Valley of the Kings, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.5743\/cairo\/9789774166082.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2018.07.011","article-title":"Geophysical anomalies detected by electrical resistivity tomography in the area surrounding Tutankhamun\u2019s tomb","volume":"36","author":"Fischanger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"12","article-title":"GPR investigation to allocate the archaeological remains in Mut temple, Luxor, Upper Egypt NRIAG","volume":"1","author":"Atya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Astron. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.245","article-title":"Gradiometer survey to locate the ancient remains distributed to the northeast of the Zoser Pyramid, Saqqara, Giza, Egypt","volume":"12","author":"Odah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrjag.2013.06.020","article-title":"Detailed magnetic survey at Dahshour archeological sites Southwest Cairo, Egypt","volume":"2","author":"Mekkawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-012-0778-0","article-title":"Delineation of Egyptian mud bricks using magnetic gradiometer techniques","volume":"7","author":"Abdallatif","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"98","article-title":"Applications of geophysics to archaeology: Magnetic and ground-penetrating radar investigation at hatshepsut temple, luxor, Egypt","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Odah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophyics to Engineering and Environmental Problems"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/gea.20062","article-title":"Archaeological Investigation of the Eastern Extensions of the Karnak Temple Using Ground-Penetrating Radar and Magnetic Tools","volume":"20","author":"Abbas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geoarchaeol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, S.B., El Qassas, R.A.Y., and El Salam, H.F.A. (2019). Mapping the possible buried archaeological targets using magnetic and ground penetrating radar data, Fayoum, Egypt. Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Space Sci., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrs.2019.07.005"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03860","article-title":"Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks","volume":"102","author":"Zumberge","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2019, December 27). Leica Nova MS50 Datasheet. Available online: http:\/\/docs.onepointsurvey.com\/pdf\/Leica-Nova-MS50-Datasheet.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2019, December 30). Tools and Applications|Natural Resources Canada. Available online: https:\/\/www.nrcan.gc.ca\/maps-tools-publications\/tools\/geodetic-reference-systems-tools\/tools-applications\/10925."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2019, December 30). Leica Geo Office\u2014One integrated Office Software|Leica Geosystems. Available online: https:\/\/leica-geosystems.com\/it-it\/products\/gnss-systems\/software\/leica-geo-office."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2019, December 17). StarNet|MicroSurvey Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.microsurvey.com\/products\/starnet\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2019, December 18). SCENE-The Most Intuitive Data Scan Software|FARO Technologies. Available online: https:\/\/www.faro.com\/products\/construction-bim\/faro-scene\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Schenker, P.S. (1992). Method for registration of 3-D shapes. Proceedings of the Sensor Fusion IV: Control Paradigms and Data Structures, SPIE."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2019, December 17). CloudCompareWiki. Available online: https:\/\/www.cloudcompare.org\/doc\/wiki\/index.php?title=Main_Page."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosse, M., and Zlot, R. (2009, January 12\u201317). Continuous 3D scan-matching with a spinning 2D laser. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Kobe, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2009.5152851"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s12518-018-0221-7","article-title":"Point clouds by SLAM-based mobile mapping systems: Accuracy and geometric content validation in multisensor survey and stand-alone acquisition","volume":"10","author":"Sammartano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tucci, G., Visintini, D., Bonora, V., and Parisi, E.I. (2018). Examination of Indoor Mobile Mapping Systems in a Diversified Internal\/External Test Field. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8030401"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-185-2018","article-title":"Evaluation of photogrammetric block orientation using quality descriptors from statistically filtered tie points","volume":"XLII-2","author":"Calantropio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2019, December 18). Agisoft Metashape. Available online: https:\/\/www.agisoft.com\/."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1443980","article-title":"The effects of noise on Occam\u2019s inversion of resistivity tomography data","volume":"61","author":"LaBrecque","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"171","article-title":"Advances in ERT inverse modeling","volume":"1","author":"Morelli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Environ. Eng. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2019, December 16). GEM System Overhauser Magnetometers. Available online: https:\/\/www.gemsys.ca\/overhauser-magnetometers\/."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2008). GSM-19 v7.0 Instruction Manual, GEM System."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Smekalova, T.N., Smekalov, S.L., Voss, O., and Bevan, B.W. (2008). Magnetic Surveying in Archaeology: More Than 10 Years of Using the Overhauser GSM-19 Gradiometer, Publishing House of the Polytechnical University."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2017). Laser Pumped Cesium Magnetometer Lcs050g, Geometrics."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2017). MAFM Development Kit User Guide, Geometrics."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P., and Sheriff, R.E. (1990). Applied Geophysics, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139167932"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinze, W.J., Von Frese, R.R.B., and Saad, A.H. (2012). Gravity and Magnetic Exploration: Principles, Practices, and Applications, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511843129"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Kaufman, A.A., Hansen, R., and Kleinberg, R.L. (2009). Principles of the Classical Magnetic Methods in Geophysics, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2019, December 16). Mathworks MATLAB & Simulink. Available online: https:\/\/uk.mathworks.com\/products\/matlab.html."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2019, December 16). Golden Software Surfer\u00ae|2D & 3D Mapping, Modeling & Analysis Software for Scientists and Engineers. Available online: https:\/\/www.goldensoftware.com\/products\/surfer."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2478.1967.tb01795.x","article-title":"The Analysis and Design of Two-Dimensional Filters for Two-Dimensional Data","volume":"15","author":"Darby","year":"1967","journal-title":"Geophys. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2015.07.001","article-title":"3DHOP: 3D Heritage Online Presenter","volume":"52","author":"Potenziani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2019, December 23). 3DHOP\u2014Discovering Tutankhamun. Available online: http:\/\/vcg.isti.cnr.it\/3dhop\/demos\/tut\/index_tut.html."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Davis, T.M. (1908). The tomb of Rameses Mentuherkhepshef: (no. 19). The Tomb of Siphtah: The Monkey Tomb and the Gold Tomb; the Discovery of the Tombs, A. Constable and Co."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Pinarello, M., Yoo, J., Lundock, J., and Walsh, C. (2014). The Discovery of Intact Foundation Deposits in the Western Valley of the Valley of the Kings. Current Research in Egyptology 2014, Oxbow Books."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Weinstein, J.M. (2019, December 27). Foundation Deposits in Ancient Egypt. Available online: https:\/\/repository.upenn.edu\/dissertations\/AAI7324237\/."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/6\/1552\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:06:12Z","timestamp":1760173572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/6\/1552"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s20061552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20061552","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]}}}