{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:13:34Z","timestamp":1772255614450,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Imperfect channel state information (I-CSI) and imperfect transceiver hardware often happen in wireless communication systems due to the time-varying and random characteristics of both wireless channels and hardware components. The impacts of I-CSI and hardware impairments (HI) reduce not only the system performance but also the self-interference cancellation (SIC) capability of full-duplex (FD) devices. To investigate the system performance in realistic scenarios, in this paper, we consider the performance of an FD multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay system under the effects of I-CSI, imperfect SIC (I-SIC), and imperfect transceiver hardware. We mathematically derive the exact closed-form expressions of the outage probability (OP) and ergodic capacity of the considered HI-FD-MIMO relay system over Rayleigh fading channels with the existence of I-CSI, I-SIC, and HI. Numerical results indicate that the performance in terms of OP and capacity reaches saturation faster, especially when the channel estimation error, the residual self-interference (RSI), and HI levels are remarkable. Therefore, various solutions for effectively reducing the channel estimation error, RSI, and HI levels in the HI-FD-MIMO relay system should be carried out to improve the system performance. All derived mathematical expressions are verified through Monte-Carlo simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T08:20:44Z","timestamp":1584519644000},"page":"1671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Impacts of Imperfect Channel State Information, Transceiver Hardware, and Self-Interference Cancellation on the Performance of Full-Duplex MIMO Relay System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4532-5493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ba Cao","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunications University, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Nhu","family":"Thang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunications University, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan Nam","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Le Quy Don Technical University, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7297-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le The","family":"Dung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2016.2577041","article-title":"Full-Duplex Spectrum Sharing in Cooperative Single Carrier Systems","volume":"2","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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