{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T13:13:36Z","timestamp":1781010816926,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1A2C1005920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1A2C1005920"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposed a \u201cProbabilistic and Deterministic Tree-based Routing for WSNs (PDTR)\u201d. The PDTR builds a tree from the leaves to the head (sink), according to the best elements in the initial probabilistic routing table, measured by the product of hops-count distribution, and transmission distance distribution, to select the best tree-paths. Each sender node forwards the received data to the next hop via the deterministic built tree. After that, when any node loses of its energy, PDTR updates the tree at that node. This update links probabilistically one of that node\u2019s children to a new parent, according to the updated probabilistic routing table, measured by the product of the updated: Hops-count distribution, transmission distance distribution, and residual energy distribution at the loss of      \u2113 e      energy. By implementing the control parameters in each distribution, PDTR shows the impact of each distribution in the routing path. These control parameters are oriented by the user for different performances. The simulation results prove that selecting the initial best paths to root the packets via unicast, then improving the tree at the node with loss of energy by rooting the packets via anycast, leads to better performance in terms of energy consumption and network lifetime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T03:54:14Z","timestamp":1584590054000},"page":"1697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["PDTR: Probabilistic and Deterministic Tree-based Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3570-8677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafia","family":"Ghoul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Djaidja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of medicine Mohamed Maherzi Ex-Laperine, University of Algiers 1, Algiers 16000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6956-7641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"A. A. Al-qaness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1762-5915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunghwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4236\/wsn.2017.91003","article-title":"Location-Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, A.K., and Sato, T. (2017). 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