{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T10:36:21Z","timestamp":1768127781727,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,22]],"date-time":"2020-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Through the application of intelligent systems in driver assistance systems, the experience of traveling by road has become much more comfortable and safe. In this sense, this paper then reports the development of an intelligent driving assistant, based on vehicle telemetry and road accident risk map analysis, whose responsibility is to alert the driver in order to avoid risky situations that may cause traffic accidents. In performance evaluations using real cars in a real environment, the on-board intelligent assistant reproduced real-time audio-visual alerts according to information obtained from both telemetry and road accident risk map analysis. As a result, an intelligent assistance agent based on fuzzy reasoning was obtained, which supported the driver correctly in real-time according to the telemetry data, the vehicle environment and the principles of secure driving practices and transportation regulation laws. Experimental results and conclusions emphasizing the advantages of the proposed intelligent driving assistant in the improvement of the driving task are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T07:16:08Z","timestamp":1585034168000},"page":"1763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Intelligent Driving Assistant Based on Road Accident Risk Map Analysis and Vehicle Telemetry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Ter\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2357-9911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loraine","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0918-9375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian G.","family":"Quintero M.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7608-3290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2015). Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Verband der Automobilindustrie (VDA) (2015). From Driver Assistance Systems to Automated Driving, VDA Magazine\u2013Automation."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Field Operational Test (euroFOT) (2012). euroFOT Study Demonstrates How Driver Assistance Systems Can Increase Safety and Fuel Efficiency Across Europe, European Field Operational Test (euroFOT)."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goshi, K., Hayashi, M., and Matsunaga, K. (2012, January 4\u20137). Safe Driving Education System ASSIST\u2014Education Anywhere, Anytime. Proceedings of the 2012 9th International Conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing and 9th International Conference on Autonomic and Trusted Computing, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Fukuoka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/UIC-ATC.2012.154"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yay, E., and Mart\u00ednez, N. (2013, January 16\u201317). SEEDrive\u2014An Adaptive and Rule Based Driving System. Proceedings of the 2013 9th International Conference on Intelligent Environments, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/IE.2013.25"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"161","article-title":"GPS-GSM Based Tracking System","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"58","article-title":"Cost Effective Real-Time Ambulance Tracking System Prototype","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Inf. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"219","article-title":"Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Road Detection System with Multisensor Integration","volume":"1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Conf. Mach. Learn. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"76","article-title":"Analysis of Accident Data and Evaluation of Leading Causes for Traffic Accidents in Jordan","volume":"4","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jordan J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) (2004). Accident Analysis of Significant Crash Rates for Low to Very Low Volume Roadways in 10 Minnesota Counties, Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT). Report No: MN\/RC\u20132004-22."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Bagus, G., Igi, A., and Teguh, B.A. (2017, January 11\u201312). A Review on Driver Drowsiness Based on Image, Bio-Signal, and Driver Behavior. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Science and Technology\u2014Computer, Yogyakarta, Indonesia."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bounini, F., Gingras, D., Lapointe, V., and Pollart, H. (2015, January 19\u201322). Autonomous Vehicle and Real Time Road Lanes Detection and Tracking. Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/VPPC.2015.7352903"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"294","article-title":"Driver Drowsiness Detection with Audio-Visual Warning","volume":"3","author":"Prajapati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"190","article-title":"Eye Tracking Based Driver Drowsiness Monitoring and Warning System","volume":"3","author":"Surendra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Tech. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2482461","article-title":"Towards Real-Time Traffic Sign Detection and Classification","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.Q., and Lee, S. (2019). Gaze and Eye Tracking: Techniques and Applications in ADAS. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245540"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"320","article-title":"Intelligent Driver Assistant System","volume":"3","author":"Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Cuervo, A., Quintero, C., and Premachandra, C. (2014, January 8\u201311). Intelligent Driving Diagnosis Based on a Fuzzy Logic Approach in a Real Environment Implementation. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Dearborn, MI, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.01.018","article-title":"Effects of road infrastructure and traffic complexity in speed adaptation behavior of distracted drivers","volume":"101","author":"Oviedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rakhshan, A., Ray, E., and Pishro-Nik, H. (2014, January 8\u201311). Real-Time Estimation of the Distribution of Brake Response Times for an Individual Driver Using Vehicular Ad Hoc Network. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Proceedings, Dearborn, MI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2014.6856416"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.11.001","article-title":"Young driver risky behavior and predictors of crash risk in Australia, New Zealand and Colombia: Same but different?","volume":"99","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, M., K\u00e4thner, D., Jipp, M., S\u00f6ffker, D., and Lemmer, K. (2017, January 11\u201314). Modeling Driver Behavior at Roundabouts: Results from a Field Study. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symposium (IV), Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2017.7995831"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.Q., and Lee, S. (2019). A comprehensive survey of driving monitoring and assistance systems. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112574"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mata-Carballeira, \u00d3., Guti\u00e9rrez-Zaballa, J., del Campo, I., and Mart\u00ednez, V. (2019). An FPGA-Based Neuro-Fuzzy Sensor for Personalized Driving Assistance. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19184011"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quintero, C., and Cuervo, A. (2017, January 11\u201314). Intelligent driving assistant based on accident risk maps analysis and intelligent driving diagnosis. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symposium (IV), Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2017.7995832"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.05.003","article-title":"Driving performance assessment: Effects of traffic accident location and alarm content","volume":"40","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.05.024","article-title":"Self-monitoring of driving speed","volume":"106","author":"Etzioni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.11.037","article-title":"Effectiveness of visual warnings on young drivers hazard anticipation and hazard mitigation abilities","volume":"116","author":"Hajiseyedjavadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5496837","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5496837","article-title":"Driver\u2019s Interaction with Adaptive Cruise Control on Dry and Snowy Roads with Various Tire-Road Grip Potentials","volume":"2017","author":"Koglbauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) (2011). Roadway Safety Information Analysis: A Manual for Local Rural Road Owners, U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) (2013). Highway Functional Classification Concepts, Criteria and Procedures, U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Ministerio de Transporte (MINTRANSPORTE) (2011). Decreto N\u00famero 000015 de 2011, Ministerio de Transporte (MINTRANSPORTE)."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) (2012). Methods and Practices for Setting Speed Limits: An Information Report, U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Speed and Acceleration Characteristics of Different Types of Vehicles on Multi-Lane Highways","volume":"55","author":"Mehar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Transp."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Liao, S., and Rong, P. (2017, January 3\u20135). Vehicle Stability Control Based on RBF Adaptive Terminal Sliding Mode Controller. Proceedings of the IEEE MIT Undergraduate Research Technology Conference (URTC), Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/URTC.2017.8284205"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, S., and Zhou, H. (2017, January 15\u201317). An Adaptive Fuzzy PID Control Strategy for Vehicle Yaw Stability. Proceedings of the IEEE 2nd Information Technology, Networking, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (ITNEC), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITNEC.2017.8284810"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"RACELOGIC (2014). VBOX Mini User Guide, RACELOGIC."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Wapole, R., Myers, R., Myers, S., and Ye, K. (2012). Probabilidad Y Estad\u00edstica Para Ingenier\u00eda Y Ciencias, PEARSON EDUCACI\u00d3N. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6513970","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6513970","article-title":"Improving Multisensor Positioning of Land Vehicles with Integrated Visual Odometry for Next-Generation Self-Driving Cars","volume":"2018","author":"Rahman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"91","article-title":"Improving GPS Precision and Processing Time using Parallel and Reduced-Length Wiener Filters","volume":"2","author":"Garcia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Martins, V., Hoiti, H., and Fonseca, R. (2003, January 10\u201314). Filtering GPS Navigation Solutions for Static Positioning. Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering, Sao Paulo, Brazil."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/6\/1763\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:10:36Z","timestamp":1760173836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/6\/1763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,22]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s20061763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20061763","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,22]]}}}