{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:36:41Z","timestamp":1774420601544,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment","award":["SKLPEE-2017A02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLPEE-2017A02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A real-time electric nose (E-nose) with a metal oxide sensor (MOS) array was developed to monitor 5 highly flammable liquids (ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, turpentine, lacquer thinner, and gasoline) in this work. We found that temperature had a significant impact on the test results and temperature control could efficiently improve the performance of our E-nose. The results of our qualitative analysis showed that principal component analysis (PCA) could not efficiently distinguish these samples compared to a back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) which had a 100% accuracy rate on the test samples. Quantitative analysis was performed by regression analysis and the average errors were 9.1%\u201318.4%. In addition, through anti-interference training, the E-nose could filter out the potential false alarm caused by mosquito repellent, perfume and hair jelly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T13:10:47Z","timestamp":1585141847000},"page":"1817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Development of Electronic Nose for Qualitative and Quantitative Monitoring of Volatile Flammable Liquids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}]},{"given":"Xiping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}]},{"given":"Hunlong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2018.1538558","article-title":"Ventilation mode changes our safety in buses: Study on \u201cair-rain\u201d flow against chemical and arson attack in public transport vehicles","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"82019","article-title":"Determining the perceived safety and security attitude and knowledge of urban residents towards bus fires","volume":"5938","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2017.05.024","article-title":"Epidemiology of bus fires in mainland China from 2006 to 2015","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csfs.2015.11.002","article-title":"Detection of fires in the toilet compartment and driver sleeping compartment of buses and coaches\u2014Installation considerations based on full scale tests","volume":"5","author":"Willstrand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Stud. Fire Saf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2010.05.007","article-title":"Monitoring VOCs in atmospheric air I. On-line gas analyzers","volume":"29","year":"2010","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4746246","article-title":"Convenient quantification of methanol concentration detection utilizing an integrated microfluidic chip","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-5663(95)96934-Q","article-title":"Amperometric biosensor for determination of ethanol vapor","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.12.059","article-title":"Development of an electronic nose for fire detection","volume":"116","author":"Scorsone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B: Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3462","DOI":"10.1021\/ac062230n","article-title":"Individualization of gasoline samples by covariance mapping and gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"79","author":"Sigman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4539","DOI":"10.1021\/ac201075e","article-title":"Forensic science","volume":"83","author":"Brettell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01644.x","article-title":"Differentiation of unevaporated gasoline samples according to their brands, by SPME-GC-MS and multivariate statistical analysis","volume":"56","author":"Monfreda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Forensic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.11.014","article-title":"Chemometric classification of casework arson samples based on gasoline content","volume":"235","author":"Sinkov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6752","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0707028","article-title":"Forensic application of gas chromatography\u2014Differential mobility spectrometry with two-way classification of ignitable liquids from fire debris","volume":"79","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2013.12.059","article-title":"A cataluminescence-based vapor-sensitive sensor array for discriminating flammable liquid vapors","volume":"121","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urso, M., Leonardi, S.G., Neri, G., Petralia, S., Conoci, S., Priolo, F., and Mirabella, S. (2020). Acetone sensing and modelling by low-cost NiO nanowalls. Mater. Lett., 262.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2019.127043"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Lina, S. (2013, January 11). Liquid Dangerous Goods Detection Based on Electronic Nose Odor Recognition Technology. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging (ISPDI)\u2014Infrared Imaging and Applications, Shenyang, China."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.10.0109.0300","article-title":"Wound-State Monitoring for Burn Patients Using E-Nose\/SPME System","volume":"32","author":"Byun","year":"2010","journal-title":"ETRI J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2014.07.019","article-title":"Electronic noses for food quality: A review","volume":"144","author":"Loutfi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068121q","article-title":"Electronic nose: Current status and future trends","volume":"108","author":"Rock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Gu, J., Zhang, R., Mao, Y., and Tian, S. (2019). Freshness Evaluation of Three Kinds of Meats Based on the Electronic Nose. Sensors (Basel), 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030605"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2013.11.032","article-title":"Characterization of aroma compounds of Chinese famous liquors by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and flash GC electronic-nose","volume":"945","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8429","DOI":"10.3390\/s150408429","article-title":"A wireless and portable electronic nose to differentiate musts of different ripeness degree and grape varieties","volume":"15","author":"Aleixandre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Luo, D., Sun, Y., and GholamHosseini, H. (2019). Classification and Identification of Industrial Gases Based on Electronic Nose Technology. Sensors (Basel), 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19225033"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abidin, M., Asmat, A., and Hamidon, M. (2013, January 8\u201310). Identification of Initial Drift in Semiconductor Gas Sensors Caused by Temperature Variation. Proceedings of the IEEE 9th International Colloquium on Signal Processing and its Applications (CSPA), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSPA.2013.6530057"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.127056","article-title":"Quality level identification of West Lake Longjing green tea using electronic nose","volume":"301","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B: Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, F., Zhang, J., Yang, S.X., Zhao, Z., Liang, Z., Liu, Y., and Wang, D. (2016). Suppression of Strong Background Interference on E-Nose Sensors in an Open Country Environment. Sensors (Basel), 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020233"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4919","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2551743","article-title":"A Novel Semi-Supervised Learning Approach in Artificial Olfaction for E-Nose Application","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-05-2015-0073","article-title":"Time series estimation of gas sensor baseline drift using ARMA and Kalman based models","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.05.026","article-title":"A novel pattern mismatch based interference elimination technique in E-nose","volume":"234","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B: Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Z., Tian, F., Yang, S.X., Zhang, C., Sun, H., and Liu, T. (2018). Study on Interference Suppression Algorithms for Electronic Noses: A Review. Sensors (Basel), 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041179"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2018, July 23). The List of Prohibited Flammable and Explosive Belongings for Bus Passengers (Beijing). Available online: http:\/\/www.bjbus.com\/home\/fun_news_detail.php?uNewsCode=00002508&uNewsType=4."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/1817\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:11:19Z","timestamp":1760173879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/1817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20071817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20071817","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]}}}