{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:34:50Z","timestamp":1762299290374,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Benzotriazoles (BZTs) are high production volume industrial chemicals that are used in various applications such as corrosion inhibitors, antifreeze agents, and UV radiation stabilizers. Given their potential ecotoxicological implications for different ecosystems and in human health, as well as their poor biodegradability, they are of increasing concern. In this study, a new voltammetric method using commercial screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) has been developed for the sensing of BZTs in water samples to help in their environmental monitoring. To this end, different types of SPEs based on carbon nanoallotropes and copper were tested under several experimental conditions to determine the two BZTs most frequently detected in the environment: 1H-benzotriazole (BZT) and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (Me-BZT, tolyltriazole) as model compounds for BZTs. Carbon nanofibers electrodes exhibited the best performance, allowing detection limits as low as 0.4 mg L\u22121 for both BZTs, with repeatability and reproducibility of ca. 5%. The applicability of the method was tested through the determination of BZT in spiked drinking water samples, suggesting its suitability for the sensing of samples heavily polluted with BZTs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"1839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Screen-Printed Electrodes for the Voltammetric Sensing of Benzotriazoles in Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Muschietti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5951-1823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca de l\u2019Aigua (IdRA), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ari\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca de l\u2019Aigua (IdRA), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Silvia","family":"D\u00edaz-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research\u2014Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8241-3463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"D\u00edaz-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca de l\u2019Aigua (IdRA), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.12.034","article-title":"Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate, and occurrence","volume":"163","author":"Lapworth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.09.058","article-title":"A review on environmental monitoring of water organic pollutants identified by EU guidelines","volume":"344","author":"Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b04493","article-title":"Water analysis: Emerging contaminants and current issues","volume":"88","author":"Richardson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.06.007","article-title":"Benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in human urine from several countries: A perspective on the occurrence, biotransformation, and human exposure","volume":"59","author":"Asimakopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.02.084","article-title":"Removal of polar UV stabilizers in biological wastewater treatments and ecotoxicological implications","volume":"119","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18284","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9472-9","article-title":"Sediments as a sink for UV filters and benzotriazoles: The case study of Upper Igua\u00e7u watershed, Curitiba (Brazil)","volume":"R24","author":"Mizukawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Danish Environmental Protection Agency (2013). Benzotriazole, and tolyltriazole. Evaluation of Health Hazards and Proposal of Health-Based Quality Criteria for Soil and Drinking Water, Environmental Project No. 1526, The Danish Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.09.027","article-title":"Human health risks due to exposure to inorganic and organic chemicals from textiles: A review","volume":"168","author":"Rovira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1021\/es103267g","article-title":"From dishwasher to tap? Xenobiotic substances benzotriazole and tolyltriazole in the environment","volume":"45","author":"Janna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.03.090","article-title":"Occurrence of and exposure to benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles from textiles and infant clothing","volume":"592","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Tot. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"U.S. NTP (National Toxicology Program), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2020, March 25). Chemical Information Review Document for Phenolic Benzotriazoles. Supporting Nomination for Toxicological Evaluation by the National Toxicology Program Research Triangle Park, NC2011, Available online: http:\/\/ntp.niehs.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2175\/106143001X138714","article-title":"Fate and toxicity of aircraft deicing fluid additives through anaerobic digestion","volume":"73","author":"Gruden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.07.016","article-title":"Polar pollutants in municipal wastewater and the water cycle: Occurrence and removal of benzotriazoles","volume":"44","author":"Reemtsma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/02772248.2016.1196208","article-title":"Occurrence of benzotriazoles (BTRs) in indoor air from Albany, New York, USA, and its implications for inhalation exposure","volume":"99","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9731-5","article-title":"A sensitive multi-residue method for the determination of 35 micropollutants including pharmaceuticals, iodinated contrast media, and pesticides in water","volume":"408","author":"Scheurer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.008","article-title":"Personal care products reconnaissance in Evrotas River (Greece): Water-sediment partition and bioaccumulation in fish","volume":"651","author":"Kalogianni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9089","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01796","article-title":"Distribution, partitioning and bioaccumulation of substituted diphenylamine antioxidants and benzotriazole UV stabilizers in an urban creek in Canada","volume":"50","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2016.07.027","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of substituted diphenylamine antioxidants and benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers in blood plasma and fish homogenates by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1461","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.02.015","article-title":"Accumulation of 19 environmental phenolic and xenobiotic heterocyclic aromatic compounds in human adipose tissue","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.02.076","article-title":"Benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in paired maternal urine and amniotic fluid samples from Tianjin, China","volume":"199","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.11.033","article-title":"Determination of UV filters residues in human breast milk using turbulent flow chromatography","volume":"161","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1375","article-title":"Toxicity of aircraft de-icer and anti-icer solutions to aquatic organisms","volume":"14","author":"Hartwell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620190601","article-title":"Comparative measures of the toxicity of component chemicals in aircraft deicing fluid","volume":"19","author":"Cornell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"430","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Microtox\u00ae-active components from aircraft de-icing\/anti-icing fluids","volume":"16","author":"Cancilla","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1021\/es980489k","article-title":"Detection of aircraft deicing\/anti-icing fluid additives in perched water monitoring well at an international airport","volume":"32","author":"Cancilla","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.02.038","article-title":"Comparison of two PAC\/UF processes for the removal of micropollutants from wastewater treatment plant effluent: Process performance and removal efficiency","volume":"56","author":"Zenker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.3891\/acta.chem.scand.22-2879","article-title":"Electroorganic preparations. XXV. Polarography and reduction of benzotriazole and related compounds","volume":"22","author":"Lund","year":"1968","journal-title":"Acta Chem. Scand."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3891\/acta.chem.scand.42b-0319","article-title":"Electrochemical reduction of some benzotriazoles in protic and aprotic media","volume":"42","author":"Pedersen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Chem. Scand. B"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1876505X01002010015","article-title":"Electrochemical behavior of 1, 2, 4-triazole and benzotriazole at glassy carbon electrode in acidic media","volume":"2","author":"Lokesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Electrochem. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-016-1738-6","article-title":"Voltammetric behaviors of an emerging pollutant benzotriazole on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)\u2014Nafion modified electrode in various pH mediums","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-018-1706-y","article-title":"Polarographic determination of benzotriazoles and their sorption behavior on granular activated carbon","volume":"16","author":"Ababneh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2012.05.018","article-title":"Recent developments and applications of screen-printed electrodes in environmental assays\u2014A review","volume":"734","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.12.092","article-title":"First application of carbon-based screen-printed electrodes for the voltammetric determination of the organic UV filters oxybenzone and octocrylene","volume":"196","author":"Sunyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano, N., Castilla, O., Ari\u00f1o, C., D\u00edaz-Cruz, M.S., and D\u00edaz-Cruz, J.M. (2019). Commercial screen-printed electrodes based on carbon nanomaterials for a fast and cost-effective voltammetric determination of paracetamol, ibuprofen, and caffeine in water samples. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19184039"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2085397","article-title":"Anodic polarization behavior of copper in aqueous chloride\/benzotriazole solutions","volume":"138","author":"Tromans","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Bard, A.J., and Faulkner, L.R. (2002). Student Solutions Manual: To accompany Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00477553","article-title":"Polarography of heterocyclic compounds","volume":"9","author":"Stradyn","year":"1973","journal-title":"Chem. Heterocycl. Compounds."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/1839\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:11:53Z","timestamp":1760173913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/1839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20071839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20071839","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]]}}}